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Tattoos in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Tattoos in Ancient Egypt

Tattoos are an ancient form of art appearing in various cultures throughout history. One of the earliest (and possibly the oldest) pattern of tattoos in the world was discovered on the frozen remains of the man known as Otzi the Iceman who...
The Delian League, Part 2: From Eurymedon to the Thirty Years Peace (465/4-445/4 BCE)
Article by Christopher Planeaux

The Delian League, Part 2: From Eurymedon to the Thirty Years Peace (465/4-445/4 BCE)

This text is part of an article series on the Delian League. The second phase of the Delian League's operations begins with the Hellenic victory over Mede forces at Eurymedon and ends with the Thirty Years Peace between Athens and Sparta...
Caesarea Maritima's Role in the Mediterranean Trade
Article by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Caesarea Maritima's Role in the Mediterranean Trade

Caesarea Maritima was located on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Built from the ground up in 22-10 BCE by Rome's client king, Herod the Great (r. 37-4 BCE), its location in relation to ship traffic and proximity to historical...
The Gifts of Isis: Women's Status in Ancient Egypt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Gifts of Isis: Women's Status in Ancient Egypt

An inscription on an Egyptian papyrus dating from the 2nd century CE relates that the goddess Isis, bestowing gifts on humanity at the beginning of time, gave as much power and honor to women as she did to men. This brief passage reflects...
The Plays of Cratinus
Article by James Lloyd

The Plays of Cratinus

Cratinus was a highly successful writer of Attic Old Comedy, but the very fragmentary nature of his surviving plays means that he is not as well remembered as Aristophanes (eleven of whose plays come down to us intact). Despite this, it is...
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782 - c.1570 BCE) is the era following the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) and preceding the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE). As with all historical designations of the eras of Egyptian history, the...
Babatha Scroll
Image by Gveret Tered

Babatha Scroll

A scroll written by Babatha, a Jewish woman living in the 2nd century CE and found in the Cave of Letters, Israel, in 1960-1 CE. The document here refers to a date orchard.
Canaan
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Canaan

Canaan was the name of a large and prosperous ancient country (at times independent, at others a tributary to Egypt) located in the Levant region of present-day Lebanon, Syria, Jordan, and Israel. It was also known as Phoenicia. The origin...
Alchemy
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Alchemy

Alchemy is an ancient practice aimed at recreating precious substances using recipes and transformative materials such as the philosopher's stone. Alchemists believed that materials like gold, silver, gems, and purple dye could be recreated...
Alexandria, Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Alexandria, Egypt

Alexandria is a port city on the Mediterranean Sea in northern Egypt founded in 331 BCE by Alexander the Great. It was the site of the Pharos (lighthouse), one of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and the legendary Library of Alexandria...
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