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Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord, Prince de Bénévent
Portrait of Talleyrand, oil on canvas by François Gérard, 1808.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

Definition
English Civil Wars
The English Civil Wars (1642-1651) witnessed a bitter conflict between Royalists ('Cavaliers') and Parliamentarians ('Roundheads'). The Royalists supported first King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) and then his son Charles II, while...

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Portrait of Louis-Charles in the Temple, 1793
Portrait of Louis-Charles, dauphin of France (1785-1795) who was recognized by royalists as King Louis XVII of France, during his imprisonment in the Tower of the Temple. In July 1793, he was separated from his family to be "reeducated" in...

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Holy Roman Emperors Charles V & Ferdinand I
Illustration of the Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (r. 1519-1556 CE) and Ferdinand I. The illustration depicts the Habsburg brothers Charles V (left) sitting by the imperial coat of arms, while Ferdinand (right) is flanked by the Habsburg coat...

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Southern Chivalry: The Caning of Charles Sumner
Southern Chivalry: The Caning of Charles Sumner, depicting the attack on abolitionist Senator Charles Sumner by pro-slavery Senator Preston Brooks in the US Senate, lithograph by John L. Magee, 1856.
Boston Public Library.

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Archduke Charles of Austria at the Battle of Aspern-Essling, May 1809
Archduke Charles of Austria (center) issues orders during the Battle of Aspern-Essling (21-22 May 1809). At Aspern-Essling, Archduke Charles becomes the first European military commander to score a major victory against Napoleon himself...

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Landing of the Pilgrims by Charles Lucy
"Landing of the Pilgrims", also known as "The Landing of the Pilgrim Fathers in America, A. D. 1620", (1848 CE) is a painting by Charles Lucy (1814–1873 CE). White House copy of the painting. (From The White House Historical Association)

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Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne
Portrait of Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne (1727-1794), oil on canvas painting by an unknown artist, c. 1770-1794.
Palace of Versailles.

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Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis
Lord Charles Cornwallis (1738-1805), oil on canvas portrait by Thomas Gainsborough, c. 18th century.
Royal Collection Trust.

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Charles Martel
Charles Martel divides the realm between Pepin and Carloman. Illuminated manuscript from the Grandes Chroniques de France. Ms. fr. 2615, fol. 72.
Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris.