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A map of Erie Canal c. 1840. The canal, constructed between 1817 and 1825, stretches 363 miles (584 km) from the Hudson River at Albany, New York, to Lake Erie at Buffalo, New York.

An official Manchurian seal of the Department of Inspectors at Qitan Fort, Yangshan county, from the late Qing dynasty, 1857. Durham University Oriental Museum.

Titulus Crucis, a wooden plaque, allegedly part of the relics discovered by Helena of Constantinople. Church of the Holy Cross, Rome.

Map of the Khotyn Fortress, published in The Atlas of the Fortresses of the Russian Empire, 1830s.

Barry Strauss is the Corliss Page Dean Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Bryce and Edith M. Bowmar Professor in Humanistic Studies Emeritus at Cornell University. Strauss is a 2025 recipient of the prestigious Bradley Prize...

Tower of Constance and Ramparts on an early 20th-century postcard.

Page 1r of the Codex Palatinus Germanicus 367, showing the opening lines of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livländische Reimchronik), c. 1415 CE. Though the original version of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle is believed to have been written...

Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester (1215–1275), Illuminated Manuscript Unknown Artist, c. 1300-1308. Taken from the Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England. (British Library, London)

The Grafenstein inscription. Noric language recorded on a tile from the 2nd century CE, discovered in a gravel pit in 1977 in Grafenstein, Austria.

The arrival in Europe of the printing press with moveable metal type in the 1450s CE was an event which had enormous and long-lasting consequences. The German printer Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398-1468 CE) is widely credited with the innovation...