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Page 1r of the Codex Palatinus Germanicus 367, showing the opening lines of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livländische Reimchronik), c. 1415 CE. Though the original version of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle is believed to have been written...

An official Manchurian seal of the Department of Inspectors at Qitan Fort, Yangshan county, from the late Qing dynasty, 1857. Durham University Oriental Museum.

Titulus Crucis, a wooden plaque, allegedly part of the relics discovered by Helena of Constantinople. Church of the Holy Cross, Rome.

Eleanor of England, Countess of Leicester (1215–1275), Illuminated Manuscript Unknown Artist, c. 1300-1308. Taken from the Genealogical Roll of the Kings of England. (British Library, London)

A model of Shionjiyama kofun in Yao, Osaka, Japan. 3rd-7th century CE.

Martyrs Mirror, German edition, printed by Ephrata in Pennsylvania in 1784.

Cooper engraving presenting a reformer and theologian Andreas Bodenstein von Karlstadt (l. 1486-1541). Created around 1522.

Barry Strauss is the Corliss Page Dean Senior Fellow at the Hoover Institution and the Bryce and Edith M. Bowmar Professor in Humanistic Studies Emeritus at Cornell University. Strauss is a 2025 recipient of the prestigious Bradley Prize...

Tower of Constance and Ramparts on an early 20th-century postcard.

The arrival in Europe of the printing press with moveable metal type in the 1450s CE was an event which had enormous and long-lasting consequences. The German printer Johannes Gutenberg (c. 1398-1468 CE) is widely credited with the innovation...