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Confucianism
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Confucianism

Confucianism is a philosophy developed in 6th-century BCE China, which is considered by some a secular-humanist belief system, by some a religion, and by others a social code. The broad range of subjects touched on by Confucianism lends itself...
Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University
Article by Sikeena Karmali Ahmed

Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University

Fatima Al-Fihri (c. 800-880) was a Muslim woman, scholar and philanthropist who is credited with founding the world’s oldest, continuously running university during the 9th century: the University of Al-Qarawiyyin, located in Fez in Morocco...
Late Period of Ancient Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Late Period of Ancient Egypt

The Late Period of Egypt (525-332 BCE) is the era following the Third Intermediate Period (1069-525) and preceding the brief Hellenistic Period (332-323 BCE) when Egypt was ruled by the Argead officials installed by Alexander the Great prior...
Map of the Shang Dynasty of China, c. 1100 BCE
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Shang Dynasty of China, c. 1100 BCE - Bronze, Kingship, and Networks in the Yellow River World

The Shang dynasty (c. 1600–1046 BCE) represents one of the earliest historically attested states in China, emerging in the Yellow River basin after the period traditionally associated with the Xia. Rather than a territorially unified state...
Early Dynastic Period In Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Early Dynastic Period In Egypt

The Early Dynastic Period in Egypt (c. 3150 - c. 2613 BCE) is the beginning of the historical era of the country during which the regions of Upper Egypt (south) and Lower Egypt (north) were united as one country under a centralized government...
Map of the Tang Dynasty of China, c. 669 CE
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Tang Dynasty of China, c. 669 CE

The Tang Dynasty (618–907 CE) represents one of the high points of imperial Chinese history, reaching its widest territorial extent during the reign of Emperor Gaozong (reign 649–683 CE). By the late 7th century, around 669 CE, the empire...
Daily Life in Ancient China
Article by Emily Mark

Daily Life in Ancient China

Daily life in ancient China changed through the centuries but reflected the values of the presence of gods and one's ancestors in almost every time period. Villages like Banpo show evidence of a matriarchal society, where there was a priestly...
Second Intermediate Period of Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Second Intermediate Period of Egypt

The Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782 - c.1570 BCE) is the era following the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) and preceding the New Kingdom (1570-1069 BCE). As with all historical designations of the eras of Egyptian history, the...
Religion in Ancient China
Article by Emily Mark

Religion in Ancient China

Religious practices in ancient China go back over 7,000 years. Long before the philosophical and spiritual teachings of Confucius and Lao-Tzu developed or before the teachings of the Buddha came to China, the people worshipped personifications...
Sima Qian
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sima Qian

Sima Qian (l. 145/135-86 BCE) was a court scribe, astrologer, and historian of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) of ancient China, famous for his historical work Records of the Grand Historian for which he is remembered as the Father of...
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