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First Anglo-Afghan War
The First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42) was fought between the British East India Company (EIC) and, the Emirate of Afghanistan, the ultimate victor. The British were keen to control Afghanistan as they feared Russian expansion into South Asia...

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Folio from Akbarnama
The third Mughal Emperor Akbar's (1542-1605) triumphant entry into the city of Surat. A detached folio from a copy of the Akbarnama - the book of Akbar which chronicles his life and reign. Opaque watercolour and gold on paper, by Farrukh...

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Royal Women in the Mughal Empire
It was not only the Mughal emperors that left an indelible mark in the history of the Indian subcontinent but also the queens and princesses. The latter's contributions to art, architecture, literature, cuisine, refinement, and administrative...

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Eyes on the East: Chronicles of the Indian Ocean Spice Trade
As the 15th century ended, Europeans were still mostly in the dark about the Eastern world. Early travelers like Marco Polo had given the West tidbits of information, but these accounts were too highly colored and fragmentary to provide a...

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Folio from the Harivamsa
The third Mughal Emperor Akbar (1540-1605) sought to quell tensions between the Hindu and Muslim communities of Hindustan. Seeking to engender religious harmony and tolerance, he commissioned the translation of major Sanskrit texts into Persian...

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Krishna Holds Up Mount Govardhan
The Harivamsa or book of Hari (Krishna) was one of several sacred epics commssioned by the Mughal Emperor Akbar (1540-1605). This folio shows the god Krishna holding up Mount Govardhan to protect the villagers of Braj from the rains sent...

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The Martyrdom of Saint Cecilia
The Life of Christ was commissioned by the third Mughal Emperor Akbar (1540-1605) to be translated into Persian. This was part of a larger effort to encourage inter-religious understanding and cooperation. The Martyrdom of Saint Cecilia...

Definition
Suleiman the Magnificent
Suleiman the Magnificent (aka Süleyman I or Suleiman I, r. 1520-1566) was the tenth and longest-reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Hailed as a skilled military commander, a just ruler, and a divinely anointed monarch during his lifetime...

Definition
Taxila
When it comes to ancient history, Pakistan contains its fair share of treasures, one of the prominent of these being the ancient metropolis of Taxila. It is a city of the Gandharan civilization, sometimes known as one of its capitals, whose...

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Painting of the Siege of Baghdad
This painting comes from an illuminated manuscript of "The History of Genghis Khan". The illustration depicts the Siege of Baghdad (1258 CE) by Hulegu Khan (1218 - 1265 CE), the grandson of Genghis Khan (c. 1162/67-1227 CE). The illumination...