Travel & Exploration Before Columbus

Mark Cartwright
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Ancient peoples were as curious as ourselves about the wider world and even if the transport at their disposal meant travel could be long, arduous and dangerous, they still managed to get about and visit different cities, sacred sites and even sometimes distant and exotic lands. The Phoenicians sailed around the Mediterranean, the Carthaginians voyaged down the west coast of Africa, and the Greeks even created passports such was the growing number of international travellers. Explorers who travelled halfway across the world included Leif Erikson, Marco Polo, Ibn Battuta, and Zheng He. More humble were the thousands of pilgrims who spent years of their lives getting to sacred places like Delphi, Jerusalem, and Constantinople. Then there were the tourists who travelled for no other reason than to see famous sights for themselves such as the Seven Wonders of the World which they had heard about through word-of-mouth or seen represented on coins. All of these and more are examined in this collection of resources.

If you've never seen Athens, your brain's a morass
If you've seen it and weren't entranced, you're an ass,
If you left without regrets, your head's solid brass!
(A 5th century BCE Greek comic poet)

Articles & Definitions

The Phoenicians - Master Mariners
Article

The Phoenicians - Master Mariners

Driven by their desire for trade and the acquisition of such commodities as silver from Spain, gold from Africa...
Herodotus
Definition

Herodotus

Herodotus (l. c. 484 – 425/413 BCE) was a Greek historian famous for his work Histories. He was called The Father of History by the...
Travel in the Ancient Greek World
Article

Travel in the Ancient Greek World

Travel opportunities within the ancient Greek world largely depended on status and profession; nevertheless, a significant...
Hanno: Carthaginian Explorer
Article

Hanno: Carthaginian Explorer

In the 5th century BCE, the Carthaginian explorer Hanno sailed beyond the Pillars of Hercules, out of the Mediterranean...
Marco Polo
Definition

Marco Polo

Marco Polo (1254-1324 CE) was a Venetian merchant and explorer who travelled to China and served the Mongol ruler Kublai Khan (l...
Ibn Battuta
Definition

Ibn Battuta

Ibn Battuta (l. 1304-1368/69) was a Moroccan explorer from Tangier whose expeditions took him further than any other traveler of his...
The Seven Voyages of Zheng He
Article

The Seven Voyages of Zheng He

Admiral Zheng He (aka Cheng Ho, c. 1371-1433 CE) was a Chinese Muslim eunuch explorer who was sent by the Ming dynasty...
Pilgrimage in the Byzantine Empire
Article

Pilgrimage in the Byzantine Empire

Pilgrimage in the Byzantine Empire involved the Christian faithful travelling often huge distances to visit such...
Viking Ships
Definition

Viking Ships

Viking ships were built by the Scandinavians during the Viking Age (c. 790 CE - c. 1100 CE) and were used both within Scandinavia...
Vinland
Definition

Vinland

Vinland (Old Norse Vínland, 'Wine Land') is the name given to the lands explored and briefly settled by Norse Vikings in North America...
In Search of the Promised Land:  Saint Brendan’s Voyage
Article

In Search of the Promised Land: Saint Brendan’s Voyage

Between the 9th and the 10th century CE, in an unknown European abbey, an anonymous author told...
On the Ocean: The Famous Voyage of Pytheas
Article

On the Ocean: The Famous Voyage of Pytheas

Sometime around 330 BCE, Pytheas, a little-known Greek merchant, embarked on an astonishing voyage. It was...

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