Images

Thomas Müntzer (l. c. 1489-1525), German reformer, portrait signed by Christoffel van Sichem as engraver and editor, between 1570 and 1624. National Library of Spain, Madrid.

Episode from the German Peasants' War, oil on canvas painting by Hermann Eichler, c. 1867. Belvedere, Vienna.

A painting of the British Crown Jewels used before the English Civil Wars (1642-51). These were broken up and sold off following the execution of Charles I of England in 1649.

The frontispiece of the Eikon Basilike (first published in 1649) showing the late King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649). The king, executed by Parliament during the English Civil Wars (1642-51), is here shown kneeling and holding forth...

Attic vase thought to depict Zephyrus and Hyacinthus, from Tarquinia, c. 480 BCE. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Flora and Zephyr, oil on canvas painting by William-Adolphe Bouguerau, 1875. Musée des beaux-arts de Mulhouse.

Death mask of Oliver Cromwell who served as Lord Protector of England, Ireland and Scotland (1653-8) after the English Civil Wars (1642-51). (Warwick Castle, England)

A god coin issued during the tenure of Oliver Cromwell as Lord Protector of England, Ireland and Scotland (1653-8).

Around 1450 CE, Europe and the Middle East were defined by fragmentation, declining medieval powers, and the rise of new regional states. The Byzantine Empire had contracted to Constantinople and a few outposts, while the Ottoman Empire under...

Statue of Heinrich Bullinger (l. 1504-1575), Swiss reformer, at the Grossmünster, Zürich.