Images

A September 1914 photograph showing German artillery troops heading to the Battle of the Frontiers which opened hostilities on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18). Imperial War Museums

An August 1914 photograph showing Belgian troops wearing rather primitive camouflage prior to the Battle of Haleine, part of the wider Battle of the Frontiers which opened hostilities on the Western Front during the First World War (1914-18...

Page 1r of the Codex Palatinus Germanicus 367, showing the opening lines of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle (Livländische Reimchronik), c. 1415 CE. Though the original version of the Livonian Rhymed Chronicle is believed to have been written...

A map of the Roman Empire under Theodosius I “the Great” (reign 379–395 CE). His reign marked a decisive turning point in Roman imperial history, bringing together political reunification, religious transformation, and institutional strain...

Roman coin depicting Mark Antony and Octavia Minor, c. 39 BCE.

Virgil reading the Aeneid to Augustus and Octavia, oil on canvas painting by Jean-Joseph Taillasson, 1787. The Roman poet Virgil reads the Aeneid to Augustus and his sister Octavia Minor. Octavia is shown fainting after Virgil references...

Marble bust of a Roman woman, possibly Octavia Minor, sister of Augustus, 20-10 BCE. J. Paul Getty Museum, Los Angeles.

Cast of a portrait of Octavia Minor, photograph by G.dallorto, 30 March 2008. Museum of the Ara Pacis, Rome.

The Crusader States, collectively known as Outremer (from Old French outre-mer, “overseas”), were a group of Latin Christian polities established in the eastern Mediterranean following the First Crusade (1096–1099). Emerging from the conquest...

The Russian Revolution of 1917 marked the collapse of imperial authority and the emergence of a radically new political order. Years of military defeat, economic strain, and social inequality culminated in the February Revolution (8–16 March...