Images

The Gupta Empire (c. 320–550 CE) emerged from the Magadha (modern Bihar), establishing political dominance over much of northern, central, and western India. Its rise marked a transition from regional fragmentation to imperial consolidation...

Front-line medical station with wounded British soldiers during the Boer War (1899-1902), photograph by Reinhold Thiele. Imperial War Museums, London.

A British concrete blockhouse, built to better control occupied territory during the Boer War (1899-1902). This is the blockhouse near Bethulie Bridge. These structures were connected by impenetrable barbed wire fencing. Imperial War Museums...

The Bethulie Bridge, destroyed by the Boers on 10 March 1900 during the Boer War (1899-1902). Imperial War Museums, London.

General Herbert Kitchener (1850-1916), photograph by Duffus Bros, taken in 1901 when he was commander-in-chief of the British-led forces in the Boer War (1899-1902).

Piet Cronjé (1836-1911), a Boer general during the Boer War (1899–1902). Cronjé surrendered after the Battle of Paardeberg in February 1900 and was interred in a British prisoner-of-war camp on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. Provincial...

A British propaganda mug produced during the Boer War (1899-1902).

Boer commando during the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902).

Civil wars have repeatedly emerged as some of the most destructive conflicts in human history because they combine military violence with political collapse, social fragmentation, famine, disease, and ideological struggle within already interconnected...

Portrait of Sultan Mahmud II, painting by Henry Guillaume Schlesinger, 1839. This painting of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II was given to French King Louis-Phillipe as a gift by Mustafa Reşid Pasha. Palace of Versailles, France