Images

The political fragmentation of al-Andalus began with the collapse of the Umayyad Caliphate of Córdoba (756–1031), culminating in its formal dissolution in 1031. In the power vacuum that followed, the Iberian Peninsula fractured into dozens...

The missionary journeys of Paul the Apostle, also known as Saul of Tarsus, took place during the mid-1st century CE, within the interconnected world of the Roman Empire under emperors such as Claudius (reign 41–54 CE) and Nero (reign 54–68...

In the aftermath of World War I (1914–1918), Africa remained overwhelmingly under European colonial domination, despite widespread African participation in the war effort. While the conflict weakened several European powers, it did not dismantle...

The English East India Company (EIC) was established by Royal Charter on 31 December 1600 under Queen Elizabeth I (reign 1558–1603), granting it a monopoly on English trade east of the Cape of Good Hope. Initially conceived as a commercial...

A 1929 photograph of the First World War (1914-18) soldier, poet, and author Robert Graves (1895-1985). (Imperial War Museums)

A photograph of the First World War (1914-18) soldier and poet Rupert Brooke (1887-1915). (Imperial War Museums)

Trench warfare on WWI's Western Front (1914–1918) emerged from a strategic stalemate between industrialized armies whose defensive firepower outpaced offensive mobility. After the failure of rapid war plans in 1914 such as the Schlieffen...

A siege mortar nicknamed the "Dictator," used by the Union army during the Siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War, photograph in The Photographic History of The Civil War in Ten Volumes: Volume Three, The Decisive Battles, 1864. Internet...

Union soldiers of the XVIII Corps assault Confederate trenches on 15 June 1864 during the early days of the Siege of Petersburg in the American Civil War, wood engraving by Edwin Forbes in Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper, 1864. Library...

Battle of Five Forks, Va., lithograph by Kurz & Allison, c. 1886. A depiction of the Battle of Five Forks (1 April 1865), fought near the end of the Siege of Petersburg during the American Civil War. Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.