Images

General Herbert Kitchener (1850-1916), photograph by Duffus Bros, taken in 1901 when he was commander-in-chief of the British-led forces in the Boer War (1899-1902).

Piet Cronjé (1836-1911), a Boer general during the Boer War (1899–1902). Cronjé surrendered after the Battle of Paardeberg in February 1900 and was interred in a British prisoner-of-war camp on Saint Helena in the South Atlantic. Provincial...

A British propaganda mug produced during the Boer War (1899-1902).

Boer commando during the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902).

Civil wars have repeatedly emerged as some of the most destructive conflicts in human history because they combine military violence with political collapse, social fragmentation, famine, disease, and ideological struggle within already interconnected...

Portrait of Sultan Mahmud II, painting by Henry Guillaume Schlesinger, 1839. This painting of Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II was given to French King Louis-Phillipe as a gift by Mustafa Reşid Pasha. Palace of Versailles, France

The Boer 94-pounder artillery piece known as 'Long Tom'. The gun was famously used during the siege of Mafeking (1899-1900), a major engagement in the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902). Imperial War Museums, London.

A 1900 illustration showing the relief of Mafeking in May 1900. The siege of Mafeking (1899-1900) was a major engagement in the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902). The British held out for over 200 days before being relieved. G W...

The Defence of Mafeking, illustration from Bacon's South Africa War Prints, 1899. The siege of Mafeking (1899-1900) was a major engagement in the Boer War (aka South Africa War, 1899-1902). The British held out for over 200 days before being...

Roman involvement in North Africa began with the destruction of Carthage in the Third Punic War (149-146 BCE), after which Rome established the province of Africa and gradually expanded its authority across the Maghreb. Over the following...