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The Twelve Longest Discovery Expeditions in the Age of Sail - Exploration, Science, and the Expansion of Global Knowledge
The Age of Sail (c. 1400–1860 CE) witnessed a dramatic expansion of long-distance maritime exploration, driven by commercial ambitions, imperial competition, strategic interests, and the pursuit of geographic knowledge. Powered by wind and...
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Map of the United States at the Outbreak of Civil War, 1861 - Slavery, Secession, and the 1860 Presidential Election
In early 1861, the United States faced an unprecedented constitutional crisis rooted in the expansion and protection of slavery. Abraham Lincoln’s election (president, 1861–1865) intensified Southern fears that Republican control threatened...
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Map of Roman Hispania under Hadrian, c. 125 CE - Administration and Urban Networks in the Iberian Peninsula
Roman Hispania under Hadrian (reign 117–138 CE) represented the outcome of a long and often violent process of conquest, beginning during the Second Punic War (218–201 BCE) and concluding with the Cantabrian Wars (29–19 BCE). By c. 125 CE...
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Homestead and the Building of the Barbed Wire Fences
The Homestead and the Building of the Barbed Wire Fences, oil on paperboard by John Steuart Curry, c. 1935-1943. The Homestead Act of 1862 accelerated settlement of the Western territory, guaranteeing title to 160 acres of surveyed land...
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Early Homestead, Nicodemus, Kansas
Early homestead, Nicodemus, Kansas, c. late 19th century. The Homestead Act of 1862 accelerated settlement of the Western territory, guaranteeing title to 160 acres of surveyed land for each claimant who worked their plot for five years...
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Map of the Magellan–Elcano Voyage, 1519–1522 - The First Recorded Circumnavigation of the World
A map of the Magellan–Elcano expedition (1519–1522), a Spanish-sponsored maritime voyage authorized under Charles I of Spain (reign 1516–1556; later Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, reign 1519–1556) to find a westward route to the Spice Islands/Moluccas...
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The Toledo Gate in Ciudad Real
The Toledo Gate, photograph by Juan Ángel Piqueras, Ciudad Real, Castilla-La Mancha, Spain, 13 July 2026. The Toledo Gate (Spanish: La Puerta de Toledo) in Ciudad Real is a significant example of military architecture dating to the 13th–14th...
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Map of The Olmec World and Its Mesoamerican Connections - Power, Resources, and Interaction Networks, c. 1500–400 BCE
The Olmec world developed in the tropical lowlands of present-day Veracruz and Tabasco during Mesoamerica’s Formative period (c. 1500–400 BCE). Major centers, including San Lorenzo (c. 1400–900 BCE), La Venta (c. 900–400 BCE), Laguna de los...
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Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto Reviewing Plans
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, photograph by Imperial Japanese Navy, c. 1941. Photograph of Admiral Yamamoto, commander of Japan's Combined Fleet during the Second World War, reviewing war plans. His reservations about attacking the United States...
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Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, painting by Shugaku Homma, 1943. This official portrait of Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto depicts him in his ceremonial Imperial Japanese Naval attire. He served as the commander of Japan's Combined Fleet during the Second...
