Umayyad Dynasty Timeline

The murder of Caliph Uthman causes the eruption of the First Fitna (civil war). Muawiya surfaces as a major opposer of the Rashidun Caliphate.

The Umayyad Dynasty rules the Islamic empire.

Muawiya, the governor of Syria, establishes the Umayyad Dynasty.

The Second Fitna (second Islamic civil war).

Husayn's death marks the start of the second civil war of Islamic history (Second Fitna).

Husayn ibn Ali, Shia Islam's third imam, is beheaded by Yazid I's force at the Battle of Karbala in present-day Iraq.

Al-Mukhtar starts his revolt; he joins hands withe Abdullah ibn Zubayr.

Al-Mukhtar has a falling out with Abdullah, owing to his support to the Alid faction - he is killed by Zubayrid forces.

Conquest of most of Spain by the Umayyad Dynasty.

Military conquests as far as the Beas river in parts of modern-day Pakistan by the Umayyad forces - under Muhammad ibn Qasim.

Successful annexation of modern-day Transoxiana by Qutayba ibn Muslim.

Sulayman rises to power; expansion of the Umayyad Caliphate is halted.

An unsuccessful attempt to take over Constantinople; after Sulayman's death, his successor Umar II calls back the forces.

The Third Fitna (civil war of the Islamic empire): Marwan II emerges as the victor.

Fall of the Umayyad Caliphate.

Start of the Abbasid Caliphate.

Abd al-Rahman I establishes the Emirate of Cordoba.

Reign of Abd al-Rahman I over the Emirate of Cordoba.