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Article
Cajetan's On Faith and Works
On Faith and Works (1532) by Cardinal Thomas Cajetan (l. c. 1468-1534) is a refutation of the central arguments of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) concerning justification before God as faith-based, having nothing to do with one’s works. Cajetan...

Article
Social, Political & Economic Landscapes in Kautilya's Arthashastra
The Arthashastra (or Arthaśāstra) is one of the oldest surviving treatises on statecraft. There is considerable debate about the dating and authorship of the text; it underwent compilation, recension, and redaction several times over the...

Article
Augustus' Political, Social, & Moral Reforms
Augustus is well known for being the first Emperor of Rome, but even more than that, for being a self-proclaimed “Restorer of the Republic.” He believed in ancestral values such as monogamy, chastity, and piety (virtue). Thus, he introduced...

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Egyptian Child's Leather Sandals
Child's sandals from Thebes, Egypt. New Kingdom of Egypt, c. 1550-1069 BCE. The British Museum, London. Photo taken at The Powerhouse Museum, Sydney. Sandals are often found in tombs. They are usually made of woven reeds or wood, but...

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Saltman's Leather Boot
The leather boot belonging the Saltman found by the miners with parts of the leg and the foot is still in the boot. The boot is displayed in the National Museum Tehran. (Image 2)

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Neo-Assyrian Political Pact Stele, Al-Anbar
Only this fragment of a large stele has survived. On the surface, the Assyrian and Babylonian kings were carved in relief. The cuneiform inscription narrates a political treaty between them. The faces of the kings were deliberately vandalized...

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The Political Theory of Thomas Hobbes: The Sovereign and the State
We all live in states today, and Thomas Hobbes has a good claim to have been the first person to articulate this concept in its modern sense. The intention of Hobbes’s civil science was to lower the temperature of politics, and his concept...

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Ancient Macedon & Modern Political Map Overlay
A map indicating the approximate location of the ancient kingdom of Macedon and the modern political entities that area now covers.

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Political Map of Italy circa 1000 CE
Political map of Italy near the arrival of the Normans, who eventually conquered Southern Italy and Sicily, including the principalities of Salerno, Capua, and Benevento.

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Political Cartoon Depicting the XYZ Affair
British political cartoon depicting the XYZ Affair; America, represented as Lady Liberty, is being accosted by five Frenchmen, while figures representing other European countries look on in the background. Published by S.W. Fores, London...