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Treaties of Tilsit
The Treaties of Tilsit were two peace treaties signed in July 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I of France (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and the monarchs of Russia and Prussia in the aftermath of the Battle of Friedland. The treaties ended the War of the...
Definition
War of the Fourth Coalition
The War of the Fourth Coalition (October 1806 to June 1807) was a major conflict during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). The Fourth Coalition consisted of Russia, Prussia, Saxony, Sweden, and the United Kingdom, against the First French Empire...
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Battle of Jena-Auerstedt
The twin battles of Jena and Auerstedt, both fought on 14 October 1806, marked a major turning point in the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). It saw the French Grande Armée, led by Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815) soundly defeat the Prussian...
Definition
Teutonic Knight
A medieval Teutonic Knight was a member of the Catholic military Deutscher Orden or Teutonic Order, officially founded in March 1198 CE. The first mission of the Teutonic knights was to help retake Jerusalem from the Arabs in the Third Crusade...
Definition
Middle Kingdom of Egypt
The Middle Kingdom (2040-1782 BCE) is considered ancient Egypt's Classical Age during which it produced some of its greatest works of art and literature. Scholars remain divided on which dynasties constitute the Middle Kingdom as some argue...
Definition
Declaration of Pillnitz
The Declaration of Pillnitz was a joint statement issued on 27 August 1791 by Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790-1792) and King Frederick William II of Prussia (r. 1786-1797). The declaration appealed to all European powers to unite...
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King Frederick William III of Prussia
King Frederick William III of Prussia (r. 1797-1840), oil on canvas portrait by an unknown artist, between 1830-1840.
Museum of Prussia, Minden, Germany.
Definition
New Kingdom of Egypt
The New Kingdom (c. 1570- c.1069 BCE) is the era in Egyptian history following the disunity of the Second Intermediate Period (c. 1782-1570 BCE) and preceding the dissolution of the central government at the start of the Third Intermediate...
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Louise, Queen of Prussia
Portrait of Queen Louise (l. 1776-1810), consort of King Frederick William III of Prussia. The mother of a Prussian king and a German emperor, Louise was known for her beauty and for being a shrewd politician; she met with Napoleon to plead...
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Death of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia
The death of Prince Louis Ferdinand of Prussia (1772-1806) in the Battle of Saalfeld (10 October 1806) during the War of the Fourth Coalition. Painting by Peter Edward Stroehling, c. 1806-1816.
Royal Collection.