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Aelfgifu of Northampton
Definition by Brandon M. Bender

Aelfgifu of Northampton

Aelfgifu of Northampton (fl. 1013-1037) was an English noble who married the English and Danish king Cnut (r. 1016-1035) and was the mother of the English king Harold I Harefoot (r. 1035-1040). Aelfgifu reached the height of her influence...
Parliament's Trial of the Earl of Stafford
Image by Wenceslaus Hollar

Parliament's Trial of the Earl of Stafford

A 17th-century illustration showing the trial in Parliament of Thomas Wentworth, Earl of Stafford (1593-1641) in May 1641. Stafford was accused of plotting to raise an Irish army to invade England and support King Charles I of England (r...
Emma of Normandy
Image by The British Library

Emma of Normandy

Emma of Normandy, illustration from the Encomium Emmae Reginae (The Encomium Of Queen Emma), MS 33241, c. 1050. The British Library, London.
Hygieia, the Goddess of Health
Article by Mark Beumer

Hygieia, the Goddess of Health

Modern medicine has its origin in the ancient world. The oldest civilizations used magic and herbs to cure their sick people, but they also used religion to free them from harm and to protect their health. The medical care of today has its...
The Danish Conquest of England
Article by Brandon M. Bender

The Danish Conquest of England

The Danish conquest of England was not a singular event, but a series of large Viking invasions of England between 1013 and 1016, which eventually overthrew the native English dynasty. As a result, four kings from the House of Denmark ruled...
Grand Remonstrance
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Grand Remonstrance

The Grand Remonstrance of 1641 was a list of grievances issued by Parliament against King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649). It recorded what Parliament saw as the monarch's abuse of power, his illegal raising of taxes outside Parliament...
Causes of the English Civil Wars
Article by Mark Cartwright

Causes of the English Civil Wars

The English Civil Wars (1642-1651) were caused by a monumental clash of ideas between King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) and his parliament. Arguments over the powers of the monarchy, finances, questions of religious practices and toleration...
English Civil Wars
Definition by Mark Cartwright

English Civil Wars

The English Civil Wars (1642-1651) witnessed a bitter conflict between Royalists ('Cavaliers') and Parliamentarians ('Roundheads'). The Royalists supported first King Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) and then his son Charles II, while...
Claude Debussy
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Claude Debussy

Claude Debussy (1862-1918) was a French composer most famous for his piano and orchestral music. Works like Clair de Lune have become piano standards while La Mer, with its unusual use of instruments and impressionistic use of waves of sounds...
Aethelred the Unready
Definition by Brandon M. Bender

Aethelred the Unready

Aethelred II, also known as Aethelred the Unready, was king of the English from 978-1013 and 1014-1016. His long reign was initially stable, but Viking attacks on England escalated from the 990s onward. Viking incursions eventually grew so...
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