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B-17 Flying Fortress
Definition by Mark Cartwright

B-17 Flying Fortress

The Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress was a four-engined heavy bomber plane used by the air forces of the United States and Britain during the Second World War (1939-45). The B-17 had unusually heavy defensive armament, 13 machine guns in total...
German 88mm Anti-aircraft Gun
Image by Bundesarchiv, Bild 101I-635-3999-24

German 88mm Anti-aircraft Gun

A 1943 photograph of an 88mm anti-aircraft gun used by Germany during the Second World War (1939-45). These guns were usually placed in batteries of six or eight guns.(German Federal Archives)
Supermarine Spitfire
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Supermarine Spitfire

The Supermarine Spitfire was a single-seater fighter plane, one of the most important aircraft of the Second World War (1939-45). Employed by the Royal Air Force in such crucial encounters as the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940, the...
Hawker Hurricane
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Hawker Hurricane

The Hawker Hurricane was a single-seat fighter plane, Britain's first monoplane, which fought in the Battle of Britain in the summer of 1940. Slower but more numerous than the Supermarine Spitfire, the Hurricane was used by the Royal Air...
Lancaster Bomber
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Lancaster Bomber

The Avro 683 Lancaster bomber was a four-engine heavy bomber flown by the Royal Air Force and allies during the Second World War (1939-45). Lancasters were particularly used in nighttime bombing raids and could carry the heaviest bombs ever...
Patrick Henry
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Patrick Henry

Patrick Henry (1736-1799) was a Virginian lawyer and politician who played a vital role in the American Revolution (c. 1765-1789). Known for his brilliant oration, including the famous Give Me Liberty or Give Me Death speech, Henry served...
Messerschmitt Bf 109
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Messerschmitt Bf 109

The Messerschmitt Bf 109, also known as the Me 109, was Germany's most important single-seater fighter plane throughout the Second World War (1939-45). Produced in greater numbers than any other German plane, the fighter was a match for the...
The Delian League, Part 1: Origins Down to the Battle of Eurymedon (480/79-465/4 BCE)
Article by Christopher Planeaux

The Delian League, Part 1: Origins Down to the Battle of Eurymedon (480/79-465/4 BCE)

This text is part of an article series on the Delian League. The modern term Delian League refers to the primarily maritime συμμᾰχία or symmachy (offensive-defensive alliance) among various Greek poleis, which emerged after the second...
Swordfish Planes & Ark Royal
Image by U.S. Navy

Swordfish Planes & Ark Royal

A c. 1939 photograph of the British aircraft carrier Ark Royal and its Swordfish biplanes. (U.S. Navy photo NH 79167 from the U.S. Navy Naval History and Heritage Command)
The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942
Article by Mark Cartwright

The Thousand-bomber Raid on Cologne in 1942

Cologne (Köln) was the first German city to experience a "1,000-bomber raid" by the Royal Air Force during the Second World War (1939-45). The attack took place on the night of 30 May 1942 and was planned as a demonstration of the destruction...
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