Fortifications: Did you mean...?

While ancient Chinese warfare was often characterised by large armies in pitched battles, siege warfare and the sacking of cities were also regular features. Huge earth walls with towers and encircling ditches or moats became the normal strategy...

This image gallery showcases several digital reconstructions of medieval castles, keeps and fortifications built throughout the Middle Ages. These defensive structures were built to ward off invaders and act as centres of government. Castles...

A digital reconstruction of the fortifications at Portobelo-San Lorenzo, originally built in 1597 CE. This fort was one of many built by the Spanish Empire on Panama's Caribbean coast to protect the trans-Atlantic trade of silver from the...

A modern reconstruction of the fortifications of Hatra, one of the best surviving Parthian cities. The ruins pictured were constructed between the 3rd and 2nd Centuries BCE. Located in the Nineveh Governorate, Iraq.

A portion of the 16-17th century fortifications at San Juan de Ulúa, an island opposite the port of Veracruz, Mexico, once a major port on the Spanish Main. The rings in the walls were for ships to tie themselves to.

Remains of the 5th century BCE fortifications at Amphipolis, northern Greece.

The north fortification walls of Sinope, known today as Sinop Castle (Turkish: Sinop Kalesi), located in the city of Sinop on the northernmost edge of the Turkish side of the Black Sea coast. Sinope was the earliest Greek colony founded on...

The northwest part of the fortification or circuit wall at Gla, Greece as seen from the Mycenaean palace, built c. 13th century BCE (Mycenaean LHIII). Part of the Copais Basin to the left and beyond.

Part of the impressive 5th to 3rd century BCE fortification wall of Selinus.

A photograph showing a part of the fortifications which defended the borders of Czechoslovakia with the Third Reich in September 1938. Near Sedloňov, Czech Republic.