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Fire Ships Attack the Spanish Armada
Image by Unknown Artist

Fire Ships Attack the Spanish Armada

A c. 1590 CE painting by an unknown Flemish artist of English fireships being sent in to cause havoc amongst the vessels of the Spanish Armada of 1588 CE. (National Maritime Museum, Greenwich)
European Colonization of the Americas
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

European Colonization of the Americas

The European colonization of the Americas was the process by which European settlers populated the regions of North, Central, South America, and the islands of the Caribbean. It is also recognized as the direct cause for the cultures of the...
Stephen F. Austin
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Stephen F. Austin - Reluctant Father of Texas

Stephen Fuller Austin (1793-1836) has been known, since shortly after his death, as the "Father of Texas," as he was not only the first to lead Anglo-American settlers to the region and establish colonies but also endured the hardships of...
The Spanish Singer by Manet
Image by Metropolitan Museum of Art

The Spanish Singer by Manet

An 1860 oil on canvas painting, The Spanish Singer, by Edouard Manet (1832-83), the French modernist painter. The subject is here painted in a conservative style and, consequently, it was accepted by the Salon of Paris in 1861 and won a commendation...
Treaty of Tordesillas
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Treaty of Tordesillas

The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas (Tordesilhas) was an agreement between the monarchs of Spain and Portugal to divide the world between them into two spheres of influence. The imaginary dividing line ran down the centre of the Atlantic Ocean...
The Conquest of New Spain
Definition by Mark Cartwright

The Conquest of New Spain

The Conquest of New Spain by Bernal Díaz del Castillo (1492 to c. 1580) is an account written in 1568 of the early Spanish colonization of Mesoamerica, specifically the conquest of the Aztec civilization in Mexico from 1519 to 1521 when Díaz...
Repartimiento
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Repartimiento

The repartimiento system was a distribution of rights to Spanish colonialists and municipalities, which allowed them to extract forced but low-paid labour from local communities in conquered territories. Designed to replace the inefficient...
Adelantado
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Adelantado

Adelantado was an office awarded by the Spanish Crown to conduct military campaigns in the medieval period but then repurposed during the Age of Exploration to grant an individual the right to privately fund expeditions of discovery and conquest...
Spanish Attack on a Flemish village
Image by Peter Snayers

Spanish Attack on a Flemish village

Spanish attack on a Flemish village, oil on canvas by Peter Snayers (1592-1667). Friedenstein Castle, Gotha.
Spanish Gypsies
Image by Evgraf Sorokin

Spanish Gypsies

Spanish Gypsies, painting by Evgraf Sorokin (1821-1892), 1853.
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