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Drake-Norris Expedition
Definition

Drake-Norris Expedition

The Drake-Norris expedition of April-July 1589 CE, otherwise known as the Don Antonio Expedition, English Armada or Portugal Expedition, was an unsuccessful attempt by a large English naval and army force to destroy the...
Map of the Spanish Empire and the Indies (c. 1500-1820)
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Map of the Spanish Empire and the Indies (c. 1500-1820)

The emergence of Spain as a global imperial power began with the dynastic union of the crowns of Castile and Aragon under Isabella I of Castile (reign 1474–1504) and Ferdinand II of Aragon (reign...
Map of the Spanish Main & Caribbean Pirate Havens  c. 1670
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Map of the Spanish Main & Caribbean Pirate Havens c. 1670 - Trade, Treasure, and the Golden Age of Piracy

This map illustrates the maritime routes of Spain’s Treasure Fleets and the network of Caribbean ports and pirate havens around 1670. It captures the tension...
La Malinche Leads the Spanish
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La Malinche Leads the Spanish

La Malinche leading Hernán Cortés and the Spanish, illustration in Codex Azcatitlan by unknown author, p. 23, c. 1501-1600. This image is an indigenous pictorial representation of the Spanish marching on the Aztec...
Map of Spanish Conquest & Exploration in North America
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Map of Spanish Conquest & Exploration in North America

This map illustrates the expansion of Spanish imperial power following the completion of the Reconquista in 1492 and the voyages of Christopher Columbus (first voyage 1492). Fueled by promises of...
Map of the Spanish Conquest & Exploration in South America
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Map of the Spanish Conquest & Exploration in South America

Spain’s rapid expansion into South America followed the consolidation of its Caribbean footholds by 1512, marking a decisive shift from exploration to imperial conquest. Under the reign of Ferdinand...
Cartagena on the Spanish Main
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Cartagena on the Spanish Main

A c. 1589 map showing the port of Cartagena on the Spanish Main (now in modern Colombia). Cartagena was one of the main ports for the Spanish treasure fleets and acted as a collecting point for gold, silver, emeralds...
Galleon
Definition

Galleon

The galleon (Spanish: galeón, French: galion) was a type of sailing ship used for both cargo carrying and as a warship. Galleons dominated the seas in the second half of the 16th century, and with their lower superstructures, they were...
The Spanish Armada vs. The Royal Navy of Elizabeth I
Video

The Spanish Armada vs. The Royal Navy of Elizabeth I

Did you know that the Spanish Armada was defeated as much by storms as by the English navy? This video is all about King Philip II of Spain’s Enterprise of England, and his defeat at the hands of The...
Route Map of the Spanish Armada
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Route Map of the Spanish Armada

A map showing the route of the Spanish Armada from May to October 1588 CE. The Armada was sent by Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE) to invade the kingdom of Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603 CE) but was defeated...
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