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Francis Drake
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Francis Drake

Sir Francis Drake (c. 1540-1596 CE) was an English mariner, privateer and explorer who in 1588 CE helped defeat the Spanish Armada of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556-1598 CE) which attempted to invade the kingdom of Elizabeth I of England (r...
Spanish Galleon Under Attack
Image by Juan de la Corte

Spanish Galleon Under Attack

A 17th-century painting by Juan de la Corte showing a Spanish galleon under attack. (Museo del Prado, Madrid)
Spanish Galleon Firing Cannons
Image by Cornelis Verbeeck

Spanish Galleon Firing Cannons

A detail of a 17th-century painting by Cornelis Verbeeck showing a Spanish galleon firing its cannons. In the complete painting, the ship is in combat with a Dutch vessel c. 1618 in an unknown location. (National Gallery of Art, Washington...
Spanish Galleon
Image by RadraS-Sardar

Spanish Galleon

A 1734 copper print of a Spanish galleon. The text reads: Por Golfos mas procelosos, con valor, aresto y zelo, hace gala de Neptuno, esta Nave con su vuelo. - "Through the worst stormy waters, with courage, purpose, and zeal, this ship shows...
War of Jenkins' Ear
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

War of Jenkins' Ear - How One Man's Ear Started a Colonial War Between Empires

The War of Jenkins' Ear (1739-1748) was a colonial conflict fought between Great Britain and Spain, primarily in the Caribbean and off the coast of South America. Looking to protect its interests in the West Indies, Britain provoked a war...
Spanish Torture of American Peoples
Image by Joos van Winghe & Theodor de Bry

Spanish Torture of American Peoples

An illustration showing the torture of indigenous American peoples by Spanish conquistadors. From the 1552 edition of A Very Brief Recital of the Destruction of the Indies by Bartolomé de las Casas which was a graphic indictment of the exploitation...
Spanish Conquistadores Being Tortured
Image by Theodor de Bry

Spanish Conquistadores Being Tortured

A 16th-century print by Theodor de Bry showing indigenous peoples gaining revenge on Spanish Conquistadores in the Americas by pouring molten gold down their throats. (From Grand Voyages Accounts to the Americas, and to Africa and the Orient...
Spanish Attack on a Flemish village
Image by Peter Snayers

Spanish Attack on a Flemish village

Spanish attack on a Flemish village, oil on canvas by Peter Snayers (1592-1667). Friedenstein Castle, Gotha.
Spanish Gypsies
Image by Evgraf Sorokin

Spanish Gypsies

Spanish Gypsies, painting by Evgraf Sorokin (1821-1892), 1853.
Spanish Rapier
Image by Metropolitan Museum of Art

Spanish Rapier

A rapier signed by the Spanish swordmaker Juan Martinez in 1580 CE. The handle is decorated with gold, copper wire, wood, and velvet. Toledo, Spain. (Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art)
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