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Philip II of Macedon's 339 BC Campaign
Map of Philip II of Macedon's campaign in Greece, 339 BC

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Philip VI of France with David II of Scotland and Queen Joan
A 15th century CE manuscript illustration showing David II of Scotland (r. 1329-1371 CE) and Queen Joan kneeling before King Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350 CE).

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Philip II, Macedonian Silver Tetradrachm
Macedonian silver tetradrachm from the reign of Philip II, 359-336 BCE. O: Head of Zeus. R: Horseman carrying a palm branch.

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The Macedonian Kingdom at Philip II's Death, c. 336 BCE
This map illustrates the state of the Macedonian Kingdom at the time of Philip II's death in 336 BCE, a powerful and unified state in northern Greece, poised to dominate the ancient world. Through military reform, strategic diplomacy, and...

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Philip II of Rome (Artistic Facial Reconstruction
A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Philip II (r. 247-249 CE) may have looked like. The young emperor was elevated to co-emperor by his father in 247 CE at the age of 10. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions...

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Chaucer's The Book of the Duchess Full Text & Summary
The Book of the Duchess is the first major work of the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer (l. c. 1343-1400 CE), best known for his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales, composed in the last twelve years of his life and left unfinished at his death...

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Battle of Crécy
The Battle of Crécy on 26 August 1346 CE saw an English army defeat a much larger French force in the first great battle of the Hundred Years' War (1337-1453 CE). Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377 CE) and his son Edward the Black Prince...

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Philip IV of France
Philip the Fair (r. 1285-1314 CE), Saint-Denis Basilica.

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King John of England & Philip II of France
An illumination from a 14th Century CE manuscript of the "Grandes Chroniques de France", depicting King John of England (r. 1199 - 1216 CE) paying homage to Philip II of France (r. 1180 - 1223 CE). Made in Paris, France c. 1332 - 1350...

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Philip Melanchthon Medal
A medal portraying a German philosopher Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Copper alloy with warm brown patina, created by Friedrich Hagenauer around 1543.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.