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Philip Melanchthon Medal
A medal portraying a German philosopher Philip Melanchthon (1497-1560). Copper alloy with warm brown patina, created by Friedrich Hagenauer around 1543.
Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

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Roman Emperor Philip the Arab
Marble head of Roman Emperor Philip the Arab, from Rome, 244-249 CE. (Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen)

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King Philip Meeting with Colonists
King Philip (Metacomet) of the Wampanoags, (1638-1676), meeting colonists, print by S. N. Wood, 1911.
Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division Washington, D.C.

Definition
Schmalkaldic War
The Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) was fought between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic armies under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who, having failed to achieve religious unity of his subjects at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530...

Definition
Decius
Decius was Roman emperor from 249 to 251 CE. In 249 CE Roman emperor Philip the Arab sent senator Decius to be the governor of the troubled provinces of Moesia and Pannonia. Roman legions under the ineffective command of the governor there...

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Sir Henry Vane the Younger
Portrait of Sir Henry Vane the Younger (l. 1613-1662 CE), governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony 1636-1637 CE and advocate of religious freedom and tolerance by Peter Lely (1618-1680). Cromwell Museum, Huntingdon Sir Henry Van the Younger...

Definition
Pezhetairoi
The pezhetairoi (foot companions) were part of the imposing army that accompanied the Macedonian commander Alexander the Great (r. 336-323 BCE) when he crossed the Hellespont to face the Persian king Darius III in 334 BCE. Armed with long...

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Philip the Arab (Artistic Facial Reconstruction)
A photorealistic representation of what the Roman emperor Philip the Arab (r. 244-249 CE) may have looked like. Based on contemporary and near contemporary descriptions, as well as archaeological evidence. Pictured alongside the reconstruction...

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Causes of the Hundred Years' War
The Hundred Years' War (1337-1453) was an intermittent conflict fought between England and France that started when king Edward III of England (r. 1327-1377) squabbled with Philip VI of France (r. 1328-1350) over feudal rights concerning...

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Hellenistic & Roman Agora of Athens
Pericles’ agora of Athens flourished under Macedonian control. After Macedon was defeated by Rome, the Romans added to the district even before Greece was taken as a province and more so afterwards. The Roman version of the agora continued...