Scythian territorial expanse: Did you mean...?

Scythians shooting with bows, from Kerch, c. 475-450 BCE. Photographed at the Louvre, Paris, in 2007.

While ancient Chinese warfare was often characterised by large armies in pitched battles, siege warfare and the sacking of cities were also regular features. Huge earth walls with towers and encircling ditches or moats became the normal strategy...

The Battle of Marston Moor near York on 2 July 1644 was one of the most important engagements of the English Civil Wars (1642-1651). The Parliamentarians won the battle which, involving over 45,000 men, was the largest of the First English...

The Bosporan Kingdom (c. 480 BCE–341 CE) emerged around the Cimmerian Bosporus (modern Kerch Strait) as a hybrid Greco-local state founded by Greek colonists from cities such as Miletus. Rather than a single unified polity in the modern sense...

Ceremonial helmet of a Scythian ruler. 4th century BCE. Found in 1988 near Zrubne village, Donetsk oblast, Ukraine. Museum of Historical Treasures of Ukraine, Kyiv.

Scythian gold beaker from the Kul-Oba kurgan, Crimea. 4th century BCE. It shows bivouacked soldiers: one demonstrates how to string a bow; another removes his comrade's tooth, and another bandage a fellow's hurt leg. State Hermitage Museum...

The Pazyryk burials are a series of Iron Age Scythian tombs in the Ukok Plateau, Siberia. The tombs are dated to between the 4th and 3rd Century BCE.

Grave stele of Staphilos, son of Glaukias, from the Bosporan Kingdom. It depicts a soldier with the traditional Bosporan long hair and beard, and Scythian costume. It dates to the 2nd century CE and comes from the Necropolis of Panticapaeum...

The Songhai Empire (aka Songhay, c. 1460 - c. 1591) covered what is today southern Mauritania and Mali. It replaced the Mali Empire (1240-1645) as the most important state in West Africa. Originating as a smaller kingdom along the eastern...

The Ottoman Sultanate (1299-1922 as an empire; 1922-1924 as caliphate only), also referred to as the Ottoman Empire, written in Turkish as Osmanlı Devleti, was a Turkic imperial state that was conceived by and named after Osman (l. 1258-1326...