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The silphium plant of Cyrene, valued as a seasoning, aromatic, and for its medicinal properties, is referenced by several notable ancient writers, but two of the best-known descriptions come from Theophrastus (l. c. 371 to c. 287 BCE) and...

Our CEO Jan van der Crabben writes about the organization's history for its 10th anniversary in 2019 (when it was still called Ancient History Encyclopedia). Ancient History Encyclopedia just turned ten! On 25 August 2009, we officially...

World History Encyclopedia’s main mission is to engage people with cultural heritage and to improve history education worldwide. We are achieving this through our definitions and articles, our videos and education resources, our audio articles...

RECOTechnology is a small game-developer studio based in Madrid, Spain. Their latest video game - Numantia - allows players to explore the conflicts between the ancient Iberians and ancient Romans. James Blake Wiener of Ancient History Encyclopedia...

Once exiled from Nebraska, the Pawnees are now regaining a presence in their homeland due to a remarkable act of reconciliation. In 2007, Roger and Linda Welsch did what few descendants of European immigrants have ever done in the 500-year...

The Achaemenid Persian Empire emerged in the mid-6th century BCE when Cyrus II (reign 559–530 BCE) united the Persian tribes and overthrew the Median kingdom (c. 550 BCE), establishing a new imperial state that would reshape the political...

The Median hegemony (late 7th-early 6th century BCE) emerged in the aftermath of the Bronze Age Collapse (c. 1200-1150 BCE) and, more directly, the disintegration of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (to 612/609 BCE). Under rulers such as Cyaxares...

Map of the Persian Achaemenid Empire at its greatest extent under the reigns of Darius the Great and Xerxes. Inspired by Historical Atlas of Georges Duby (p.11, map D), this map was made by Fabienkhan the 24th of August 2006, using Inkscape...

A map showing the known world at the time of the Ptolemaic Empire, ca. 300 BC.

The Persian Empire about 500 BC.