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Mencius
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Mencius

Mencius (l. 372-289 BCE, also known as Mang-Tze or Mang-Tzu) was a Confucian philosopher during The Warring States Period in China (c. 481-221 BCE) and is considered the greatest after Confucius himself for his interpretation, formulation...
Henry II of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Henry II of England

Henry II of England ruled from 1154 to 1189 CE. He gained the throne by negotiation with his predecessor King Stephen of England (r. 1135-1154 CE) following the civil war that had raged between that monarch and Henry's mother Empress Matilda...
Charles I of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Charles I of England

Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) was a Stuart king who, like his father James I of England (r. 1603-1625), viewed himself as a monarch with absolute power and a divine right to rule. His lack of compromise with Parliament led to the English...
Sima Qian
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sima Qian

Sima Qian (l. 145/135-86 BCE) was a court scribe, astrologer, and historian of the Han Dynasty (202 BCE - 220 CE) of ancient China, famous for his historical work Records of the Grand Historian for which he is remembered as the Father of...
Coins of King Aethelred of Wessex and King Burgred of Mercia
Image by Cambridgeshire County Council

Coins of King Aethelred of Wessex and King Burgred of Mercia

Three Early-Medieval silver coins of Anglo Saxon Kings, the Cambridgeshire County Council, c. 852-874. Three coins of the ninth-century Anglo-Saxon rulers, King Aethelred of Wessex (r. 865-871) and King Burgred of Mercia (r. 852-874). The...
Henry VIII of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Henry VIII of England

Henry VIII of England ruled as king from 1509 to 1547. The second Tudor king after his father Henry VII of England (r. 1485-1509), Henry had inherited a kingdom which enjoyed both unity and sound finances. Famous for his six wives as he searched...
Chinese Literature
Definition by Emily Mark

Chinese Literature

Chinese literature is among the most imaginative and interesting in the world. The precision of the language results in perfectly realized images whether in poetry or prose and, as with all great literature, the themes are timeless. The Chinese...
Sun-Tzu
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Sun-Tzu

Sun Tzu (l. c. 500 BCE) was a Chinese military strategist and general best known as the author of the work The Art of War, a treatise on military strategy (also known as The Thirteen Chapters). He was associated (formally or as an inspiration...
Conversation between King Guntram I and his Nephew King Childebert II
Image by Bibliothèque nationale de France

Conversation between King Guntram I and his Nephew King Childebert II

A conversation between King Guntram I of Orléans (r. 561-592) and his nephew and heir King Childebert II of Austrasia (r. 575-596), artwork by Jean Fouquet from the manuscript Grandes Chroniques de France (Français 6465, fol. 45v.), c. 1455...
Old Kingdom of Egypt
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Old Kingdom of Egypt

The Old Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2613-2181 BCE) is also known as the 'Age of the Pyramids' or 'Age of the Pyramid Builders' as it includes the great 4th Dynasty when King Sneferu perfected the art of pyramid building and the pyramids of Giza...
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