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Frederick Douglass
Frederick Douglass (l. c. 1818-1895), abolitionist and author. Photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1879.
National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

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Frederick II
Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) was the king of Sicily (r. 1198-1250 CE), Germany (r. 1215-1250 CE), Jerusalem (r. 1225-1228 CE), and also reigned supreme as the Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220-1250 CE). He was born in Jesi in 1194 CE but spent...

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Sixth Crusade
The Sixth Crusade (1228-1229 CE), which for many historians was merely the delayed final chapter of the unsuccessful Fifth Crusade (1217-1221 CE), finally saw the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (r. 1220-1250 CE) arrive with his army in the...

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Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood
The names of John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood are forever linked to the Maya and Mayan studies as the two great explorers who documented the ruins from Copan in the south to Chichen Itza in the north. The stories told by Stephens...

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Schmalkaldic War
The Schmalkaldic War (1546-1547) was fought between the Protestant Schmalkaldic League and the Catholic armies under Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, who, having failed to achieve religious unity of his subjects at the Diet of Augsburg in 1530...

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T. R. Dew's A Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832
T. R. Dew's A Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832 is a pro-slavery work written in response to calls for emancipation of the slaves of Virginia in the wake of Nat Turner's Rebellion of August 1831. Emancipation...

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Andreas Karlstadt
Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's most...

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Prince Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld
Portrait of Frederick Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld (1737-1815), commander of Austrian forces during the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802). Painting by William Essex, 1848, based on an earlier work by Ferdinand Jagemann. Essex's painting...

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Frederick II's Birth
Frederick's birth in Jesi (illustration in Giovanni Villani's Nuova Cronica, c. 1348 CE)

Definition
Third Crusade
The Third Crusade (1189-1192 CE) was launched to retake Jerusalem after its fall to the Muslim leader Saladin in 1187 CE. The Crusade was led by three European monarchs, hence its other name of 'the Kings' Crusade'. The three leaders were...