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These maps illustrate the trajectory of the early Crusades (1096–1192), a series of military campaigns launched by the medieval Latin Church with the declared goal of reclaiming the Holy Land—centered between the Mediterranean Sea and the...

The First Triumvirate was an informal and secret political alliance formed in 60 BCE between three of Rome's most powerful figures: Julius Caesar, Pompey the Great, and Marcus Licinius Crassus. This alliance allowed them to bypass the Roman...

No Man's Land, illustration by Lucien Jonas, 1927. Lucien Jonas was a French artist appointed as an official military painter after being mobilized in 1914, becoming one of the most prolific and renowned wartime artists of the First World...

The troop dispositions of the Royalists (red) and Parliamentarians (blue) at the indecisive First Battle of Newbury in September 1643 during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). (1844 illustration by Walter Money)

This is a door-shaped limestone stele of a priestess of the goddess Hathor. First Intermediate Period, 2134-2040 BCE. From Egypt. (Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul, Turkey).

This 1795 painting depicts the famous naval battle of the Glorious First of June (1794). In this battle, the British navy, under the command of Admiral Richard Howe defeated the French navy during the Revolutionary Wars. This painting captures...

A photograph of a defensive position of the British Eighth Army at the First Battle of El Alamein (July 1942) during the Western Desert Campaigns (June 1940 to January 1943) in North Africa. (Imperial War Museums)

The First Bulgarian Empire under Simeon I the Great (893–927 CE) was the most powerful phase of medieval Bulgaria, shaped by the ruler’s ambition to claim imperial authority rivaling Byzantium. A union of Bulgars and Slavs that had adopted...

The First Industrial Revolution refers to the profound economic and technological transformation that reshaped parts of Europe and North America between c. 1760 and 1840, first and most intensively in Britain under monarchs such as George...

The first telegraph machine, invented in 1837 by William Fothergill Cook (1806-79) and Charles Wheatstone (1802-1875). The machine had only 20 letters, indicated in the message sent by the slight movement of two needles (from the machine’s...