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Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University
Article by Sikeena Karmali Ahmed

Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University

Fatima Al-Fihri (c. 800-880) was a Muslim woman, scholar and philanthropist who is credited with founding the world’s oldest, continuously running university during the 9th century: the University of Al-Qarawiyyin, located in Fez in Morocco...
Figure of Fatima Al-Fihri from the Jordan Museum
Image by Anass Sedrati

Figure of Fatima Al-Fihri from the Jordan Museum

Figure of Fatima Al-Fihri (c. 800-880) from the Jordan Museum, Amman, Jordan. Fatima Al-Fihri was a Muslim woman, scholar and philanthropist who is credited with founding the world’s oldest, continuously running university during the 9th...
Qarawiyyin University
Image by Abdel Hassouni

Qarawiyyin University

Inner courtyards of Qarawiyyin University in Fez, Morocco, the oldest continuous university in the world founded in 857-859 by a Muslim woman scholar named Fatima al-Fihri (born c. 800)
Urdubegis
Definition by Khadija Tauseef

Urdubegis

The urdubegis were a group of female warriors in the Mughal Empire, who protected the zenana, the harem of the emperor. Although the origins of female bodyguards go back to the beginning of Indian civilizations, the urdubegis were a Mughal...
Abd al-Rahman I
Definition by Michael Goodyear

Abd al-Rahman I

Abd al-Rahman was the founder of the Emirate of Cordoba and ruled as Abd al-Rahman I from 756-788 CE. As one of the lone survivors of the Umayyad Dynasty after the Abbasids defeated the Umayyad Caliphate, Abd al-Rahman bridged the Umayyad...
Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Argula von Grumbach's To the University of Ingolstadt

To the University of Ingolstadt (1523) is an open letter by the German reformer Argula von Grumbach (l. 1490 to c. 1564) protesting the dismissal, arrest, and imprisonment of the young scholar Arsacius Seehofer (l. c. 1504 to c. 1539) for...
Water Clock, Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque
Image by Mustafa-trit20

Water Clock, Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque

This reconstruction of the 14th-century water clock from the Dar al-Muwaqqit of the al-Qarawiyyin Mosque (Fez, Morocco) is now on display at the Istanbul Museum of the History of Science and Technology in Islam. The Dar al-Muwaqqit is a...
Fountain, Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque Complex
Image by Rachid Idir Aadnani - Archnet

Fountain, Al-Qarawiyyin Mosque Complex

The fountain in the courtyard of Al-Qarawiyyin mosque complex, Fez, Morocco.
Princeton University
Image by Nicha Sursock

Princeton University

A gouache on paper painting titled Princeton University by Nicha Sursock. This is part of a series of 43 works representing the history of the USA. Founded in 1746, Princeton University has shaped leaders across science, politics, business...
Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt
Article by P. DeMola

Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt

The vacillating nature of Ancient Egypt's associations with the Kingdom of Kerma may be described as one of expansion and contraction; a virtual tug-of-war between rival cultures. Structural changes in Egypt's administration led to alternating...
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