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A 17th-century portrait by Jusepe de Ribera of Anaxagoras (l. c. 500-c. 428 BCE), the Pre-Socratic Greek philosopher who claimed the First Cause of existence was Mind (nous). (Private Collection)

An 1801 oil on canvas painting, Coalbrookdale by Night, by Philippe Jacques de Loutherbourg. The scene captures the Bedlam furnaces at Coalbrookdale in Shropshire, England. (Science Museum, London)

Louis-Antoine de Saint-Just (1767-1794), a leader of the Jacobin Club and of the Mountain political faction, oil on canvas portrait by Pierre-Paul Prud'hon, 1793. Only 25 when he was elected to the National Convention, Saint-Just soon became...

A model of the Portuguese carrack Madre de Deus (aka Madre de Dios) which was a treasure ship captured by Engish privateers in the Azores in September 1592 CE. The ship, laden with treasure from the East Indies, was the richest prize ever...

The last stand of Pedro Velarde y Santillán, a Spanish artillery captain famous for his death during the Dos de Mayo uprisings against French occupation at the onset of the Peninsular War. Painting by Joaquín Sorolla, 1884. Museo del Prado...

Drawing of the Château de Chenonceau, Loire Valley, France c. 1570, by architect Jacques Androuet du Cerceau (1510-1585). This drawing shows the château as Diane de Poitiers, (1500-1566) favourite of Henry II of France (r. 1547-1559) would...

Napoleon I (1769-1821) arrives at the Notre-Dame de Paris for his coronation ceremony, 2 December 1804. By Charles Percier and Pierre François Léonard Fontaine, 19th century.

An oil on canvas portrait of the French author and philosopher Voltaire (1694-1778). Painted by Nicolas de Largillière between 1718 and 1724. (Musée Carnavalet, Paris)

A statue of Rodrigo Diaz de Vivar - 'El Cid' (1043-1099 CE) the famed Spanish knight and general. Arco de Santa Maria, Burgos Spain.

Antonio López de Santa Anna, oil on canvas by Manuel Paris, mid-19th century. Museo Nacional de Historia Castillo de Chapultepec