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Ancient Egyptian Taxes & the Cattle Count
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ancient Egyptian Taxes & the Cattle Count

The gods of ancient Egypt freely gave their bounty to the people who worked the land, but this did not exempt those farmers from paying taxes on that bounty to the government. Egypt was a cashless society until the Persian Period (c. 525...
Cattle Butchering Scene from Saqqara
Image by Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin

Cattle Butchering Scene from Saqqara

Limestone relief depicting men slaughtering cows. From the tomb of Nianchnesut, Saqqara (Sakkara), modern-day Egypt. Old Kingdom, 5th-6th Dynasties, circa 2300 BCE. (State Museum of Egyptian Art, Munich, Germany).
Egyptian Cattle Herd
Image by Jan van der Crabben

Egyptian Cattle Herd

This painting shows Egyptian cattle being counted by scribes. The painting found part in the tomb of Nebamun (c. 1350 BCE), an wealthy Egyptian accountant ("scribe and counter of grain") during the New Kingdom period. The paintings are...
Early Domestication of Cattle
Image by Unknown

Early Domestication of Cattle

Ancient Egyptian depiction of an early instance of cow domestication.
Maasai People
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Maasai People

The Maasai (or Masai) people are an East African tribe who today principally occupy the territory of southern Kenya and northern Tanzania, and who speak the language of the same name. The Nilo-Saharan Maasai migrated southwards to that region...
Zulu Kingdom
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Zulu Kingdom - Southern Africa's Dominant Power

The Zulu Kingdom was one of the most powerful states in Southern and Central Africa during its peak in the mid-19th century. The Zulu expansion and domination of their neighbours is credited to the inspirational leader Shaka, who transformed...
Columbian Exchange
Definition by John Horgan

Columbian Exchange

The Columbian exchange is a term coined by Alfred Crosby Jr. in 1972 that is traditionally defined as the transfer of plants, animals, and diseases between the Old World of Europe and Africa and the New World of the Americas. The exchange...
Mapungubwe
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Mapungubwe - The Great Iron Age Kingdom of Southern Africa

Mapungubwe, located in the very north of South Africa just below the Limpopo River, was an Iron Age settlement and kingdom which flourished between the 11th and 13th century CE. It was perhaps southern Africa's first state. Mapungubwe, whose...
Ceide Fields
Definition by Jenny Snook

Ceide Fields

The Ceide Fields, near Ballycastle, Co. Mayo, on the western coast of Ireland, are recognised as one of the oldest and largest Stone Age farming sites in the world, dating back to c. 3700 BCE. The walls that have been discovered so far, rest...
A Brief History of Veterinary Medicine
Article by Joshua J. Mark

A Brief History of Veterinary Medicine

The English word 'veterinarian' as defining one who provides medical care to animals, comes from the Latin verb veheri meaning “to draw” (as in "pull") and was first applied to those who cared for “any animal that works with a yoke” – cattle...
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