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Parthian Culture
Definition by Patrick Scott Smith, M. A.

Parthian Culture

Stretching between China and India in the east to the Mediterranean in the west, Parthia ruled over one of the widest expanses of empire in its time and Parthian culture flourished for 500 years (247 BCE to 224 CE). While known for their...
Berenike IV
Definition by Arienne King

Berenike IV

Berenike IV (r. 58-55 BCE) was queen of Ptolemaic Egypt and the older sister of Cleopatra VII (r. 51-30 BCE). She ruled briefly after her father Ptolemy XII was overthrown by a popular rebellion. Berenike IV's reign ended in 55 BCE when her...
Publius Quinctilius Varus
Definition by Martini Fisher

Publius Quinctilius Varus

Publius Quinctilius Varus (c. 46 BCE – 9 CE) was a Roman politician and general under the rule of Emperor Augustus. He is most remembered for having lost three Roman legions when ambushed by Germanic tribes in the battle of Teutoburg Forest...
Female Gladiators In Ancient Rome
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Female Gladiators In Ancient Rome

Female gladiators in ancient Rome – referred to by modern-day scholars as gladiatrix – may have been uncommon but they did exist. Evidence suggests that a number of women participated in the public games of Rome even though this practice...
The Propaganda of Octavian and Mark Antony's Civil War
Article by Jesse Sifuentes

The Propaganda of Octavian and Mark Antony's Civil War

Propaganda played an important role in Octavian (l. 63 BCE - 14 CE) and Mark Antony's (l. 83 – 30 BCE) civil war, and once victorious at the Battle of Actium (31 BCE), Octavian returned home to become the first Roman emperor. The decade preceding...
Reactions to Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Reactions to Plague in the Ancient & Medieval World

Throughout history, epidemics and pandemics of plague and other diseases have caused widespread panic and social disorder even, in some instances, when the people of one region were aware of a pervasive infection elsewhere. In the case of...
Boudicca: Queen of the Iceni, Scourge of Rome
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Boudicca: Queen of the Iceni, Scourge of Rome

Boudicca (died 61 CE) was the Celtic Queen of the Iceni tribe who led a revolt against Roman occupation of what is now East Anglia, England. So charismatic was Boudicca that ancient sources record tribes joining her revolt which would not...
The Battle of Actium: Birth of an Empire
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Battle of Actium: Birth of an Empire

The battle of Cynoscephalae in 197 BCE concluded the Second Macedonian War (200-197 BCE) and consolidated Rome's power in the Mediterranean, finally resulting in Greece becoming a province of Rome in 146 BCE. This engagement is sometimes...
Antony's Invasion of Parthia (42 to 33 B.C.E.)
Video by Historia Civilis

Antony's Invasion of Parthia (42 to 33 B.C.E.)

Sources: Suetonius, "The Life of Augustus" | https://amzn.to/3g0AKby Appian, "The Civil Wars: Book 3" | https://amzn.to/2PKEBPr Appian, "The Civil Wars: Book 4" | https://amzn.to/2PKEBPr Plutarch, "The Life of Antony" | https://amzn.to/3s9lE6b...
Romulus and Remus
Definition by Brittany Garcia

Romulus and Remus

In Roman mythology, Romulus and his twin brother Remus were the founders of the city of Rome. They were the children of Rhea Silvia and Mars (or in some variations the demi-god hero Hercules) and their story is recorded by many authors including...
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