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T. R. Dew's A Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832
Article by Joshua J. Mark

T. R. Dew's A Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832

T. R. Dew's A Review of the Debate in the Virginia Legislature of 1831 and 1832 is a pro-slavery work written in response to calls for emancipation of the slaves of Virginia in the wake of Nat Turner's Rebellion of August 1831. Emancipation...
Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University
Article by Sikeena Karmali Ahmed

Fatima Al-Fihri and Al-Qarawiyyin University

Fatima Al-Fihri (c. 800-880) was a Muslim woman, scholar and philanthropist who is credited with founding the world’s oldest, continuously running university during the 9th century: the University of Al-Qarawiyyin, located in Fez in Morocco...
De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and Hiawatha
Article by Joshua J. Mark

De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and Hiawatha

De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and Hiawatha is the written account of the oral history of the origins of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, detailing how the great peacemaker Dekanawida (De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da) met Chief Hiawatha and established peace between...
Ten Halloween Facts and Traditions You Need to Know
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Halloween Facts and Traditions You Need to Know - A Celebration of Transformation

Halloween is the most popular holiday in the world, after Christmas (based on level-of-celebration and consumer spending) and, increasingly, the most lucrative. According to the National Retail Federation, Americans are expected to spend...
The Life and Thought of Zeno of Citium in Diogenes Laertius
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Life and Thought of Zeno of Citium in Diogenes Laertius

Zeno of Citium (c. 336 – 265 BCE) was the founder of the Stoic School of philosophy in Athens, which taught that the Logos (Universal Reason) was the greatest good in life and living in accordance with reason was the meaning of life. He was...
Müntzer's Vindication and Refutation
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Müntzer's Vindication and Refutation

The Vindication and Refutation of Thomas Müntzer (l. c. 1489-1525) is a 1524 open letter to Jesus Christ, Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546), and the Christian community charging Luther with hypocrisy, betraying his original vision to win support...
Hercules and Alcestis: Personal Excellence & Social Duty
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hercules and Alcestis: Personal Excellence & Social Duty

For the ancient Greeks, the quality of arete (personal excellence) and the concept of eusebia (social duty) were most important. Aristotle discusses both of these at length in his Nichomachean Ethics and relates arete to eudaimonia - translated...
France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State
Article by Stephen M Davis

France’s 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State

The 1905 Law of Separation of Church and State was enacted as the climax of decades of conflict between monarchists and anticlerical Republicans who viewed Christianity as a permanent obstacle to the social development of the Republic. The...
The Debate Between Sheep and Grain
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Debate Between Sheep and Grain

The Debate Between Sheep and Grain (c. 2000 BCE) is one of the best-known Sumerian literary debates in a genre that was popular entertainment by the late 3rd millennium BCE. In this piece, personifications of grain and sheep argue which is...
The Little Girl and the Ghost
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Little Girl and the Ghost

The Little Girl and the Ghost is a legend of the Cheyenne nation concerning a young girl abducted by a spirit after she is cast out by her mother. The story explores many themes common in Cheyenne literature, including the importance of following...
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