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The Year of the Four Emperors & the Demise of Four Roman Legions
During the Year of the Four Emperors (69 CE), the fight between Vitellius and Vespasian would ultimately bring about the demise of four legions, the XV Primigenia, I Germanica, IIII Macedonica, and XVI Gallia. All four of these legions had...

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Arminius
This monument commemorates the Cherusci chief Arminius and the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE when the Germanic tribes under Arminius annihilated three Roman legions led by Publius Quinctilius Varus.

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Statue of Arminius
A statue of the Germanic leader Arminius (Hermann) who defeated a Roman army at the Battle of Teutoburg Forest in 9 CE. Near Detmold, Germany.

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Utu-Shamash
Utu (also known as Shamash, Samas, and Babbar) is the Sumerian god of the sun and divine justice. He is the son of the moon god Nanna and the fertility goddess Ningal in the Sumerian tradition but was known as Shamash (Samas) to the Akkadians...

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New Gilgamesh Fragment: Enkidu's Sexual Exploits Doubled
Sometimes it is the smallest discoveries that have the largest impact. When Alexandra Kleinerman and Alhena Gadotti found a new fragment of the Epic of Gilgamesh in 2015 CE, it did not seem to be particularly impressive. The broken tablet...

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Pit River Valley, Modoc County, California
The Pit River winds through the Modoc Plateau, once the home of the Native American Modoc nation. Photograph by Robert F. Ettner, Natural Resources Staff Officer, Siskiyou National Forest, US Forest Service, 2006.

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The Unicorn Myth
The unicorn, a mythical creature popularized in European folklore, has captivated the human imagination for over 2,000 years. For most of that time, well into the Middle Ages, people also believed them to be real. The roots of the unicorn...

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The Eternal Life of Gilgamesh
The Epic of Gilgamesh is among the most popular works of literature in the present day and has influenced countless numbers of readers but, for the greater part of its history, it was lost. The Assyrian Empire fell to a coalition of Babylonians...

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Roman Legionary Kit
A reconstruction of a Roman legionary's kit from the 1st century CE. (Museum und Park Kalkriese, Germany)

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Coin Inscribed VAR(us)
As Lugdunum I (RIC 230), head of Augustus (r. 27 BCE - 14 CE), countermarked "VAR" (Varus).