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Map of the Russian Civil War in Europe (1917–1922)
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Russian Civil War in Europe (1917–1922)

The Russian Civil War (1917–1922) was a multi-front conflict that followed the collapse of the Russian Empire and the Bolshevik seizure of power. After Lenin’s October Revolution in 1917, the Bolsheviks withdrew from World War I with the...
Yalta Conference
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Yalta Conference - Roosevelt, Churchill & Stalin Create a New World Order

The Yalta Conference of 4-11 February 1945 was a meeting of the 'Big Three' Allied leaders: President of the United States Franklin D. Roosevelt, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and Russian Premier Joseph Stalin. The conference...
John Tyler
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

John Tyler - The Pariah President of the US

John Tyler (1790-1862) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the tenth president of the United States. His presidency was a tumultuous one – initially elected as vice president, he came to office after the death of his predecessor...
Bloody Sunday in 1905
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Bloody Sunday in 1905 - The Massacre at the Tsar's Winter Palace

Bloody Sunday on 22 January 1905 was the massacre of peaceful and unarmed protestors by soldiers outside the Winter Palace in St. Petersburg, Russia. The crowd of workers and their families were led by Father Georgy Gapon (1870-1906), who...
Map of the Russian Revolution & Collapse of Tsarism, 1917–18
Image by Simeon Netchev

Map of the Russian Revolution & Collapse of Tsarism, 1917–18

The Russian Revolution of 1917 marked the collapse of imperial authority and the emergence of a radically new political order. Years of military defeat, economic strain, and social inequality culminated in the February Revolution (8–16 March...
Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia
Article by Mark Cartwright

Hitler's Occupation of Czechoslovakia

Throughout 1938, Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, threatened to occupy the Sudetenland region of Czechoslovakia. The excuse presented was that Sudeten Germans were being repressed but Hitler was intent on creating a 'Greater...
Jefferson Davis
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Jefferson Davis - President of the Confederate States

Jefferson Davis (1808-1889) was a planter, soldier, and politician from Mississippi, who served as the first and only president of the Confederate States during the American Civil War (1861-1865). A veteran of the Mexican-American War (1846-1848...
Bleeding Kansas
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Bleeding Kansas - Dress Rehearsal for the American Civil War

Bleeding Kansas' was a term coined by the New York Tribune in 1856, referring to the escalating hostilities in the Kansas Territory between pro-slavery activists and anti-slavery 'free staters' following the passage of the Kansas-Nebraska...
John C. Calhoun
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

John C. Calhoun - Champion of the Antebellum South

John C. Calhoun (1782-1850) was an American lawyer and statesman, one of the key political figures of the Antebellum Era. Initially a nationalist, Calhoun spent his early career trying to strengthen and modernize the federal government, but...
Ten Juneteenth Myths
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Ten Juneteenth Myths

The celebration of Juneteenth – originally known as "Freedom Day" – began on 1 January 1866 in Texas and, since then, a number of myths have grown up around the event it commemorates: the issuance of General Order No. 3 in Galveston Texas...
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