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Treaties of Tilsit
Definition

Treaties of Tilsit

The Treaties of Tilsit were two peace treaties signed in July 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I of France (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and the monarchs of Russia and Prussia in the aftermath of the Battle of Friedland. The treaties ended the...
Johann Tetzel
Definition

Johann Tetzel

Johann Tetzel (l.c. 1465-1519) was a Dominican Friar who became famous as one of the most effective indulgence salesmen and who inadvertently inspired the Protestant Reformation when Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) wrote his 95 Theses...
Kingdom of West Francia
Definition

Kingdom of West Francia

The Kingdom of West Francia (843-987 CE, also known as The Kingdom of the West Franks) was the region of Western Europe that formed the western part of the Carolingian Empire of Charlemagne (Holy Roman Emperor 800-814 CE...
Andreas Karlstadt
Definition

Andreas Karlstadt

Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's...
Castle Netzschkau
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Castle Netzschkau

One of the first castles in Saxony, Germany, built at the end of the 15th century. It was rather residential, that defence-oriented. The builder of the Netzschkau Castle, Caspar Metzsch, was very influential at the Saxon court...
Colditz Castle
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Colditz Castle

Colditz Castle, Saxony, Germany. The castle was first built in the 11th century and was famously used as an Allied prisoner-of-war camp by Nazi Germany during the Second World War (1939-45)
Robert Schumann's Birthplace
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Robert Schumann's Birthplace

A lithographic print of the house where the composer Robert Schumann (1810-1856) was born in Zwickau, Saxony, Germany. The house is today a museum dedicated to the composer.
Exsurge Domine
Article

Exsurge Domine

Exsurge Domine (“Arise, O Lord” in Latin) is a papal bull issued 15 June 1520 by Pope Leo X (served 1513-1521) condemning Martin Luther’s 95 Theses as heresy along with any other works by Luther or those who supported him. Luther...
Müntzer's Vindication and Refutation
Article

Müntzer's Vindication and Refutation

The Vindication and Refutation of Thomas Müntzer (l. c. 1489-1525) is a 1524 open letter to Jesus Christ, Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546), and the Christian community charging Luther with hypocrisy, betraying his...
Protestant Reformation
Definition

Protestant Reformation

The Protestant Reformation (1517-1648) refers to the widespread religious, cultural, and social upheaval of 16th-century Europe that broke the hold of the medieval Church, allowing for the development of personal interpretations...
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