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Bristol's Civil War Fortifications
An illustration of the fortifications of Bristol during the English Civil Wars (1642-51). The city was stormed by Royalists led by Prince Rupert (1619-82) on 26 July 1643. The city was then lost to the Parliamentarians in September 1645...

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Civil War Cannon Fire
The Sealed Knot re-enactment group firing a cannon type typical of the artillery in the English Civil Wars (1642-51).

Definition
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (1840-1893) was a Russian composer most famous for his symphonies, the ballets Swan Lake, The Sleeping Beauty, and The Nutcracker, and the operas Eugene Onegin and The Queen of Spades. A composer of innovative and...

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Russian Delegation at Brest-Litovsk
A January 1918 photograph showing the Russian delegation arriving at Brest-Litovsk to negotiate the terms of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. The treaty concerned Russia's withdrawal from the First World War (1914-18) and was signed on 3 March...

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Russian Hamlet by Kryjitski
An 1884 oil-on-canvas painting by Constantin Kryjitski (1858-1911) showing a Russian hamlet or khutir.

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Modern Replica of the Imperial Russian Crown
Modern replica of the Russian imperial crown, made as part of the Jewellery project "Creation of Imperial Crown of Russia in modern interpretation" to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the diamond industry in Russia, using white gold (the...

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The Reforms of Peter the Great
Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great, l. 1672-1725) was the Tsar of Russia from 1682 to 1721 and the Emperor of Russia from 1721-1725. The lasting impression of Peter's long reign is the significant changes he brought to Russia due to his various...

Definition
War of the Second Coalition
The War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802), part of the broader French Revolutionary Wars, was the second attempt by an alliance of major European powers to defeat Revolutionary France. The Second Coalition, which included Russia, Austria...

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Ney's French Troops Are Attacked by Russian Cavalry at Friedland
During his assault on the Russian left flank, Marshal Michel Ney's VI Corps is attacked by Russian cavalry during the Battle of Friedland (14 June 1807). Image by Rougeron-Vignerot and Charles Morel, 1892.
National Libary of France, Paris.

Definition
First Anglo-Afghan War
The First Anglo-Afghan War (1838-42) was fought between the British East India Company (EIC) and, the Emirate of Afghanistan, the ultimate victor. The British were keen to control Afghanistan as they feared Russian expansion into South Asia...