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Colonial Government in the Spanish Empire
The apparatus of colonial government in the Spanish Empire consisted of multiple levels, starting with the monarchy and Council of the Indies at the top and moving down to the viceroy, audiencias, mayors, and...
Article
Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: From Aguilar to Waldek
Although John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood are consistently credited with the `discovery' of the Maya Civilization, there were many who preceded them who sparked their interest...
Article
The Nazca Lines: A Life's Work
The World Heritage-listed Nazca lines are a well-known part of the ancient heritage of Peru. One woman spent over 50 years studying and protecting them. Ana Maria Cogorno Mendoza shares the story of Dr Maria Reiche...
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Child Sewing by Laugée
A 19th-century oil painting by Désiré François Laugée titled Sewing. (Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro)
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Harvesting Coffee in Brazil
Harvesting Coffee, Brazil, 1830s, lithograph by Johann Moritz Rugendas, first published in Voyage Pittoresque dans le Bresil, Paris, 1835; also published in same year in German. Reprinted in Viagem Pitoresca Atravé do...
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Slave Women, Brazil
A c. 1770 illustration by Carlos Julião showing enslaved market women in Rio de Janeiro, Portuguese Brazil.
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Sartre, Beauvoir, and Viana
Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Eremildo Viana at Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1967.
Brazilian National Archives.
Definition
Braxton Bragg - The Most Controversial Confederate General
Braxton Bragg (1817-1876) was a Confederate general from North Carolina, best known for commanding the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater of the American Civil War (1861-1865). A strict disciplinarian...
Definition
Native Peoples of North America
The Native Peoples of North America (also known as American Indians, Native Americans, Indigenous Americans, and First Americans) are the original inhabitants of North America believed to have migrated into the region...
Definition
Scramble for Africa - How European Empires Took Over a Continent
The Scramble for Africa describes the competition between European imperial powers to first control trade and then territory in Africa in the final two decades of the 19th century. The reasons...