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Colonial Government in the Spanish Empire
Article

Colonial Government in the Spanish Empire

The apparatus of colonial government in the Spanish Empire consisted of multiple levels, starting with the monarchy and Council of the Indies at the top and moving down to the viceroy, audiencias, mayors, and...
Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: From Aguilar to Waldek
Article

Early Explorers of the Maya Civilization: From Aguilar to Waldek

Although John Lloyd Stephens and Frederick Catherwood are consistently credited with the `discovery' of the Maya Civilization, there were many who preceded them who sparked their interest...
The Nazca Lines: A Life's Work
Article

The Nazca Lines: A Life's Work

The World Heritage-listed Nazca lines are a well-known part of the ancient heritage of Peru. One woman spent over 50 years studying and protecting them. Ana Maria Cogorno Mendoza shares the story of Dr Maria Reiche...
Child Sewing by Laugée
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Child Sewing by Laugée

A 19th-century oil painting by Désiré François Laugée titled Sewing. (Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro)
Harvesting Coffee in Brazil
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Harvesting Coffee in Brazil

Harvesting Coffee, Brazil, 1830s, lithograph by Johann Moritz Rugendas, first published in Voyage Pittoresque dans le Bresil, Paris, 1835; also published in same year in German. Reprinted in Viagem Pitoresca Atravé do...
Slave Women, Brazil
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Slave Women, Brazil

A c. 1770 illustration by Carlos Julião showing enslaved market women in Rio de Janeiro, Portuguese Brazil.
Sartre, Beauvoir, and Viana
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Sartre, Beauvoir, and Viana

Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Eremildo Viana at Faculdade Nacional de Filosofia, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 1967. Brazilian National Archives.
Braxton Bragg
Definition

Braxton Bragg - The Most Controversial Confederate General

Braxton Bragg (1817-1876) was a Confederate general from North Carolina, best known for commanding the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater of the American Civil War (1861-1865). A strict disciplinarian...
Native Peoples of North America
Definition

Native Peoples of North America

The Native Peoples of North America (also known as American Indians, Native Americans, Indigenous Americans, and First Americans) are the original inhabitants of North America believed to have migrated into the region...
Scramble for Africa
Definition

Scramble for Africa - How European Empires Took Over a Continent

The Scramble for Africa describes the competition between European imperial powers to first control trade and then territory in Africa in the final two decades of the 19th century. The reasons...
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