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Gorgias
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Gorgias

Gorgias (l. c. 427 BCE) was a Greek Sophist and philosopher, considered the greatest Rhetorician of his day. He is said to have created several aspects of public speaking still in use and to have mastered the art of persuasion, commanding...
Philip Melanchthon
Definition by Joshua J. Mark

Philip Melanchthon

Philip Melanchthon (l. 1497-1560) was a German scholar and theologian who provided the intellectual rationale and systematized theology for the reformed vision of Christianity of his friend Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546). He was always overshadowed...
Etymologiae
Definition by Laurence Leech

Etymologiae

The Etymologiae (Etymologies) is a Latin work by Isidore of Seville (l. c. 560 - 636 CE), compiled in the early 7th century CE and published in its final form shortly after his death. The book is a type of medieval encyclopedia and is a survey...
Michael Psellos
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Michael Psellos

Michael Psellos (1018 - c. 1082 CE) was a Byzantine historian, writer, and intellectual. Michael acted as courtier and advisor to several Byzantine emperors, and he was the tutor of Michael VII. Writing between 1042 and 1078 CE, his texts...
Eustathios Rhomaios
Definition by Ruisen Zheng

Eustathios Rhomaios - Judge and Jurist of the Byzantine Empire

Eustathios Rhomaios was a prominent Byzantine judge and jurist during the late-10th and early- to mid-11th century. He studied Roman Law and began his career under Basil II (reign 976 to 1025) and became the chief judge during the mid-1020s...
The Eloquent Peasant & Egyptian Justice
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Eloquent Peasant & Egyptian Justice

The Tale of the Eloquent Peasant is a literary work from the Middle Kingdom of Egypt (2040-1782 BCE) which illustrates the value society placed on the concept of justice and equality under the law. In the story, a peasant named Khun-Anup...
Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher Emperor or Philosopher-King?
Article by Steven Umbrello

Marcus Aurelius: Philosopher Emperor or Philosopher-King?

Co-authored by Steven Umbrello and Tina Forsee It is very common to hear in both academic circles, as well as more close-knit Stoic circles, Marcus Aurelius (121 – 180 CE) being referred to as the philosopher king. This is not an idea...
Gracchus Babeuf & the Conspiracy of Equals
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Gracchus Babeuf & the Conspiracy of Equals

On 10 May 1796, in the later stages of the French Revolution (1789-1799), a group of leftwing agitators were arrested in Paris, charged with plotting to overthrow the French Directory. After a series of trials, two of them were guillotined...
Saint Augustine of Hippo & His Confession of Faith
Article by John S. Knox

Saint Augustine of Hippo & His Confession of Faith

Few theologians have attained as much renown and influence in history as Saint Augustine of Hippo (354-430 CE), a 'Doctor' of the Catholic Church and simply known by his peers as 'The Knowledgeable One.' A brilliant man who never sought to...
Protagoras's Paradox
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Protagoras's Paradox

The sophists in ancient Greece were a class of teachers who, for a fairly high fee, would instruct the affluent youth in politics, history, science, law, mathematics and rhetoric as well as the finer points of grammar and history. They professed...
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