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Russian Civil War
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Russian Civil War - The Failed Fightback Against Bolshevism

The Russian Civil War (1917-22) began shortly after the Bolshevik Revolution of November 1917. The Bolsheviks (the Reds) immediately found themselves in conflict with various opposition forces who disagreed with Bolshevik policies like abolishing...
Valley Forge
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Valley Forge

Valley Forge was the winter encampment of the Continental Army from 19 December 1777 until 18 June 1778, during one of the most difficult winters of the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). Despite being undersupplied, underfed, and plagued...
Cochineal
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Cochineal

Cochineal is a brilliant red dye extracted from the crushed bodies of parasitic insects which prey on cacti in the warmer parts of the Americas. The dye was an important part of trade in ancient Mesoamerica and South America and throughout...
Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-2
Article by Mark Cartwright

Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-2

The siege of Sevastopol (Oct 41 to Jul 42) was an attack by Axis forces on the base of the USSR's Black Sea Fleet during Operation Barbarossa of the Second World War (1939-45). Sevastopol (aka Sebastopol) had one of the world's strongest...
Robert E. Lee
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Robert E. Lee - General-in-Chief of the Southern Confederacy

Robert E. Lee (1807-1870) was the most prominent Confederate general of the American Civil War (1861-1865), who commanded the Army of Northern Virginia for much of the war and was named general-in-chief of all Confederate forces in 1865...
Nathanael Greene
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Nathanael Greene

Nathanael Greene (1742-1786) was a general of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783). One of George Washington's most trusted subordinates, Greene served capably as Quartermaster General before leading the...
Battle of Smolensk in 1943
Article by Mark Cartwright

Battle of Smolensk in 1943 - Operation Suvorov

The Battle of Smolensk in August to September 1943 was the second time the Soviet Union and the Third Reich fought over the city on the Dnieper during the Second World War (1939-45). By the summer of 1943, the plan by Adolf Hitler (1889-1945...
Philadelphia Campaign
Article by Harrison W. Mark

Philadelphia Campaign

The Philadelphia Campaign (July 1777 to June 1778) was a major military operation during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), in which a British army under Sir William Howe attempted to capture the revolutionary capital of Philadelphia...
Kiowa Death-Origin Myth: Two Versions
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Kiowa Death-Origin Myth: Two Versions

The Kiowa nation has at least two different versions of their origin myth concerning death: How Death Came into the World and Why the Ant is Almost Cut in Two. Both explain the origin of death but differ significantly in characterization...
War of the Fifth Coalition
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

War of the Fifth Coalition

The War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) was a major conflict of the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815) that was fought primarily in Central Europe between the First French Empire and its client states against the Austrian Empire, supported by the...
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