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Leo Africanus
Leo Africanus (al-Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Wazzan al-Fasi al-Granati, 1485-1554) was a diplomat, merchant traveller and scholar who famously voyaged from Timbuktu to the Niger River and wrote 'The Description of Africa' (La Descrittione...

Definition
Duchy of Athens
The Duchy of Athens was a Latin or Frankish state in Greece that existed from 1205 to 1458 CE. It was created in the aftermath of the Fourth Crusade (1202-1204 CE) and would be ruled for the majority of its history by the Burgundian de la...

Book Review
Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century
Ottoman Tulips, Ottoman Coffee: Leisure and Lifestyle in the Eighteenth Century is a collection of articles regarding Ottoman cultural history presented at a conference at Princeton University in 2005. As the title suggests, the book claims...

Video
Peerless among Princes: The Life and Times of Sultan Suleyman with Kaya Sahin
A full life and times biography of Süleyman, the longest reigning sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Süleyman, who ruled the Ottoman Empire between 1520 and 1566, was a globally recognized figure during his lifetime. His domain extended from Hungary...

Article
Italian Colonialism in Eritrea
Eritrea, located on the Red Sea coast of the Horn of Africa, was the ‘firstborn’ colony of Italy. The potential of a trade centre and naval base at Assab first attracted Italian interests in 1869. The Kingdom of Italy, however, did not officially...

Article
Battle of the Pyramids
The Battle of the Pyramids (21 July 1798), or the Battle of Embabeh, was a significant battle fought during Napoleon's Campaign in Egypt and Syria. On a battlefield 15 km (9 mi) away from the Great Pyramid of Giza, Napoleon Bonaparte's French...

Image
John Sigismund of Hungary with Suleiman I
An Ottoman court artist's impression of the Hungarian King John Sigismund Szapolyai (r. 1540-1551 CE; 1556-1570 CE) paying homage to the Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I the Magnificient (r. 1520-1566 CE), in 1556 CE at Zemun (part of modern-day...

Definition
Athens
Athens, Greece, with its famous Acropolis, has come to symbolize the whole of the country in the popular imagination, and not without cause. It not only has its iconic ruins and the famous port of Piraeus but, thanks to ancient writers, its...

Definition
Great Northern War
The Great Northern War took place from 1700 to 1721 and was fought between Russia and Sweden during the reign of Peter I of Russia (Peter the Great). One of the key causes of the war was Peter the Great’s desire to have territory on the Baltic...

Definition
Sardis
Sardis (near modern-day Sart, Turkey) was the capital of the ancient Kingdom of Lydia founded (according to Herodotus) by the Heracleidae, the Heraclid Dynasty descended from the hero Heracles (Hercules). The city was famous in antiquity...