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Folio from Nurse's Qur'an (Mushaf al-Hadina)
Two pages from a Qur'anc commissioned by a nursemaid to a North African Zirid ruler. It was donated to the Great Mosque of Qairawan. (Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York)

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Spiral Minaret, Abu Dulaf
A photograph by Gertrude Bell (l. 1868-1926) of a ruined spiral minaret near the Mosque of Abu Dulaf. Taken in 1909 in Iraq. (Gertrude Bell Archive)

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Ancient City of Damascus (UNESCO/NHK)
Founded in the 3rd millennium B.C., Damascus, Syria is one of the oldest cities in the Middle East. In the Middle Ages, it was the centre of a flourishing craft industry, specializing in swords and lace. The city has some 125 monuments from...

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The Egyptian Museum in Cairo; Ancient Egyptian Antiquities
The Egyptian Museum, Cairo, Egypt. Egypt travel attractions and destinations to reveal with us. Traveling to Egypt is all about visiting the museums, the Pyramids, the old places, as well as getting the chance to walk through the streets...

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Historic Areas of Istanbul (UNESCO/NHK)
With its strategic location on the Bosphorus peninsula between the Balkans and Anatolia, the Black Sea and the Mediterranean, Istanbul has been associated with major political, religious and artistic events for more than 2,000 years. Its...

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Ancient City of Aleppo (UNESCO/NHK)
Located at the crossroads of several trade routes from the 2nd millennium B.C., Aleppo was ruled successively by the Hittites, Assyrians, Arabs, Mongols, Mamelukes and Ottomans. The 13th-century citadel, 12th-century Great Mosque and various...

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Timur - The Brutal Conqueror of Central Asia
Timur (1336-1405), also known as Tamerlane, Temür, or Timur Leng, was the founder of the Timurid Empire (1370-1507), which had its heartlands in modern-day Uzbekistan and capital at Samarkand. A Muslim Turkic chieftain who claimed Mongol...

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Songhai Empire
The Songhai Empire (aka Songhay, c. 1460 - c. 1591) covered what is today southern Mauritania and Mali. It replaced the Mali Empire (1240-1645) as the most important state in West Africa. Originating as a smaller kingdom along the eastern...

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Knights Templar
The Knights Templar were established c. 1119 and given papal recognition in 1129. It was a Catholic medieval military order whose members combined martial prowess with a monastic life to defend Christian holy sites and pilgrims in the Middle...

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Acropolis
An acropolis is any citadel or complex built on a high hill. The name derives from the Greek akro, "high" or "extreme/extremity" or "edge", and polis, "city", translated as "high city", "city on the edge" or "city in the air", the most famous...