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Byzantine Art
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Byzantine Art

Byzantine art (4th - 15th century CE) is generally characterised by a move away from the naturalism of the Classical tradition towards the more abstract and universal, there is a definite preference for two-dimensional representations, and...
Potsdam Conference
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Potsdam Conference - When the WWII Allies Declared Japan Must Surrender

The Potsdam Conference, held from 17 July to 2 August 1945 in Potsdam in eastern Germany, decided how the Allies would deal with a defeated Germany and how they could best conduct the ongoing campaign against Japan as the Second World War...
January Uprising of 1863
Definition by Reha Mert

January Uprising of 1863 - Polish Rebellion Against Russian Rule in Poland

The January Uprising of 1863 was a conflict between Tsarist Russia and Polish insurgents striving for independence. The uprising continued until October 1864, when it was suppressed by the Russian forces, effectively erasing the already limited...
Alfred Rosenberg
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Alfred Rosenberg - The Infamous Nazi Race Theorist

Alfred Rosenberg (1893-1946) was an Estonian-born Nazi who propounded anti-Semitic racial theory and anti-Christian values. Rosenberg's theories matched those of the leader of Nazi Germany Adolf Hitler (1889-1945) and were used to justify...
Joachim Murat
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Joachim Murat

Joachim Murat (1767-1815) was a French cavalry officer who fought in the French Revolutionary Wars (1792-1802) and Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). He was appointed marshal of the French Empire in 1804, Grand Duke of Berg in 1806, and ruled as...
Franklin-Nashville Campaign
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Franklin-Nashville Campaign - The Twilight of the Southern Confederacy

The Franklin-Nashville Campaign (September-December 1864) was the last major military operation in the western theater of the American Civil War (1861-1865). After the Southern stronghold of Atlanta fell to Union forces, Confederate General...
Night Bivouac of the Grande Armée
Image by Vasily Vereshchagin

Night Bivouac of the Grande Armée

Napoleon's Grande Armée bivouacs during a nighttime blizzard during their retreat from Moscow, 1812. Painting by Vasily Vereshchagin, part of the series Napoleon I in Russia, c. 1896-97, Museum of the Patriotic War of 1812, Moscow.
Uspensky Cathedral Egg by Fabergé
Image by Maxim Sinelshchikov

Uspensky Cathedral Egg by Fabergé

The 1904 Uspensky Cathedral Egg by Peter Carl Fabergé (1846-1920). The egg was given by Tsar Nicholas II (r. 1894-1917) to his wife Alexandra Feodorovna. It shows the cupola of the Uspensky Cathedral with surrounding Kremlin towers in Moscow...
Tehran Conference
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Tehran Conference - The Debate on How the Allies Should Win WWII

The Tehran Conference, code-named Eureka, was a meeting, in November-December 1943, of 'the Big Three' Allied leaders: Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill. The conference in Iran aimed to decide how the Second World War (1939-45) against Germany...
Medieval Knights: 12 of the Best
Article by Mark Cartwright

Medieval Knights: 12 of the Best

The knights of medieval Europe were meant to be the finest fighting men of their age, even more important, they were expected to be pure in thought and deed, as exemplified in the chivalrous code which they (usually) followed. Here are the...
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