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Józef Poniatowski
Prince Józef Poniatowski (1763-1813) was a Polish soldier and patriot, who served as commander-in-chief of the Polish army during the Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815). A steadfast ally of French Emperor Napoleon I (r. 1804-1814; 1815...
Definition
Dmitri Shostakovich
Dmitri Shostakovich (1906-1975) was a Russian composer of operas, ballets, concertos, string quartets, and 15 symphonies. Shostakovich was frequently denounced by the repressive Soviet state, but in some periods, he also gained...
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Bridge Across the Pond by Cézanne
A c. 1898 landscape in oils, Bridge Across the Pond, by Paul Cézanne (1839-1906), the French post-impressionist artist. The work is an example of Cézanne's preoccupation with representing the underlying essence or...
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Bolshoi Theatre, 1883
An 1883 photograph of the Bolshoi Theatre in Moscow.
Article
The Difference Between the Mensheviks & Bolsheviks
The Mensheviks ('Minoritarians') and Bolsheviks ('Majoritarians') were two rival factions within the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP), also known as the Russian Social Democratic Workers'...
Article
Why Did Hitler Attack the USSR?
Adolf Hitler (1889-1945), the leader of Nazi Germany, was intent on attacking the USSR in the summer of 1941. With Western Europe subdued in 1940, Hitler could finally pursue his dream of territorial expansion in the...
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The Red Army in WWII
The Red Army of the USSR began the Second World War (1939-45) with a series of shocking defeats, but from late 1942, it rallied and held on to key cities like the capital Moscow, Leningrad (Saint Petersburg), and Stalingrad...
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Women in the Russian Revolution
Women actively participated in the Russian Revolution of 1905 and the two revolutions of 1917, which deposed the tsar and established a Bolshevik government. Women worked both within the Bolsheviks led by Vladimir...
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Siege of Sevastopol in 1941-2
The siege of Sevastopol (Oct 41 to Jul 42) was an attack by Axis forces on the base of the USSR's Black Sea Fleet during Operation Barbarossa of the Second World War (1939-45). Sevastopol (aka Sebastopol) had one of...
Article
Battle of Smolensk in 1943 - Operation Suvorov
The Battle of Smolensk in August to September 1943 was the second time the Soviet Union and the Third Reich fought over the city on the Dnieper during the Second World War (1939-45). By the summer of 1943...
