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Map of the Fall of the Western Roman Empire, c. 480 CE
The disintegration of the Western Roman Empire unfolded gradually during the Migration Period (c. 400–800 CE), as waves of migrating and invading peoples reshaped Europe. After the death of Theodosius I (reign 379–395 CE), the last emperor...
Definition
Franks
The Franks were a Germanic people who originated along the lower Rhine River. They moved into Gaul during the Migration Age, where they established one of the largest and most powerful kingdoms in Europe after the fall of the Western Roman...
Definition
Hurrians
The Hurrians (aka Hurri or Khurri) were a Bronze Age people who flourished across the Near East from the 4th millennium BCE to the 1st millennium BCE. Hurrian is also the name of the language these people spoke and, indeed, is the one constant...
Definition
Ancient Scotland
Scotland is a country which, today, comprises the northern part of Great Britain and includes the islands known as the Hebrides and the Orkneys. The name derives from the Roman word "Scotti" which designated an Irish tribe who invaded the...
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Cimbri
The Cimbri were a tribe who lived in northern Jutland during the Roman era. Their ethnicity is enigmatic; scholars generally believe that the Cimbri were Germans, though others maintain that they were Celts. The late 2nd-century BCE migration...
Definition
Salado Culture
The Salado culture is a term used by historians and archaeologists to describe a pre-Columbian Southwestern culture that flourished from c. 1200-1450 CE in the Tonto Basin of what is now the southern parts of the present-day US states of...
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Map of Early Human Migrations
This map illustrates the early global migrations of Homo sapiens—our species’ remarkable journey from Africa to every inhabitable continent. Tracing movements that began over hundreds of thoussands of years ago, it highlights how small bands...
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Map of the Sassanid Empire c. 620 CE
This map illustrates the rise and expansion of the Sassanid Empire, also known as Erānshahr (“Domain of the Iranians/Aryans”) or the Neo-Persian Empire. Founded by the House of Sasan, it was the longest-lived Persian imperial dynasty, ruling...
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Map of the Kingdom of the Vandals (435–534 CE)
The Kingdom of the Vandals and Alans (435–534 CE) emerged as one of the most significant post-Roman states in the western Mediterranean. Founded after the Vandals, a Germanic people originally from Central Europe, and the Alans, an Iranian-speaking...
Definition
Homo Sapiens
Homo sapiens ('wise man'), or modern humans, are the only species of human still around today. Despite having invented countless ways of labelling the world around us, we have so far done a surprisingly poor job at defining ourselves. Originating...