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Life on a Colonial Sugar Plantation
Article by Mark Cartwright

Life on a Colonial Sugar Plantation

Raising sugar cane could be a very profitable business, but producing refined sugar was a highly labour-intensive process. For this reason, European colonial settlers in Africa and the Americas used slaves on their plantations, almost all...
Roman Expeditions in Sub-Saharan Africa
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Roman Expeditions in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa was explored by Roman expeditions between 19 BCE - 90 CE, most likely in an effort to locate the sources of valuable trade goods and establish routes to bring them to the seaports on the coast of North Africa, thereby minimizing...
The Red Handprints of Cozumel & Tulum
Article by Joshua J. Mark

The Red Handprints of Cozumel & Tulum

The Maya sites of San Gervasio (on the island of Cozumel) and Tulum (on the mainland of Mexico in Quintana Roo) are often overlooked for the better-known Chichen Itza or other spectacular ruins further inland but both these locations have...
Hymn to Nisaba
Article by Joshua J. Mark

Hymn to Nisaba

The Hymn to Nisaba (c. 3rd millennium BCE) is a poem praising Nisaba, the Sumerian goddess of writing and accounts who also served as scribe of the gods. The poem is officially dedicated to Enki, the god of wisdom (sometimes given as her...
De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and Hiawatha
Article by Joshua J. Mark

De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and Hiawatha

De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da and Hiawatha is the written account of the oral history of the origins of the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois) Confederacy, detailing how the great peacemaker Dekanawida (De-Ka-Nah-Wi-Da) met Chief Hiawatha and established peace between...
In Darwin's Footsteps - Te Waimate Mission
Article by Kim Martins

In Darwin's Footsteps - Te Waimate Mission

The Bay of Islands is a subtropical region in New Zealand's far north and is a popular destination for big-game fishing, sailing, and dolphin watching. It is an area rich in the history of Maori (Māori in their own language) and European...
Interview: Gods of Thunder by Tim Pauketat
Interview by Kelly Macquire

Interview: Gods of Thunder by Tim Pauketat

Join World History Encyclopedia as they chat with Tim Pauketat all about his new book Gods of Thunder: How Climate Change, Travel, and Spirituality Reshaped Precolonial America, published by Oxford University Press. Kelly: Thank you so much...
Yum Caax
Image by SJu

Yum Caax

Yum Caax, a Maya god of maize. Modern relief inspired by a Maya hieroglyph. (Teplice Botanical Gardens, Czech Republic)
Zapotec Priest Figure
Image by James Blake Wiener

Zapotec Priest Figure

A ceramic figure-vessel representing a priest of the Zapotec civilization. Oaxaca, Mexico, 250-600 CE. The figure wears a mask, feathered headdress, and a medallion which represents a maize field. (St. Louis Art Museum, Missouri)
Indian Corn
Image by Sam Fentress

Indian Corn

Indian Corn – also known as Flint Corn and Calico Corn – one of the three types of maize cultivated by the Native Peoples of North America.
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