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Consequences of the English Civil Wars
Article by Mark Cartwright

Consequences of the English Civil Wars

The impact and consequences of the English Civil Wars (1642-1651) were many and far-reaching. Charles I of England (r. 1625-1649) was executed, and the monarchy was abolished. Oliver Cromwell (1599-1658) then headed the Republic as the Lord...
Samuel Adams
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Samuel Adams

Samuel Adams (1722-1803) was a prominent Patriot leader in the American Revolution (1765-1789), and a Founding Father of the United States. He was one of the most vocal opponents of 'taxation without representation', was a founding member...
Opening Ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament
Image by Unknown Author

Opening Ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament

Opening ceremony of the First Ottoman Parliament at the Dolmabahçe Palace in 1876 CE. The First Constitutional Era lasted for only two years until 1878 CE. The Ottoman Constitution and Parliament were restored 30 years later with the Young...
Representatives of the First Iranian Parliament
Image by National Library and Archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, World Digital Library

Representatives of the First Iranian Parliament

Representatives of the first Iranian Majlis (parliament) in front of the military academy, which served as the first parliament building, Tehran, 1906. National Library and Archives of the Islamic Republic of Iran, World Digital Library.
Houses of Parliament, Sunset by Monet
Image by Kunsthaus Zürich

Houses of Parliament, Sunset by Monet

A 1900-04 oil on canvas, Houses of Parliament, Sunset, by Claude Monet (1840-1926), the French impressionist painter. Monet painted a whole series of views of London's Houses of Parliament in order to capture a wide variety of atmospheric...
Sugar Act
Definition by Harrison W. Mark

Sugar Act

The Sugar Act of 1764, also known as the American Revenue Act, was legislation passed by the Parliament of Great Britain on 5 April 1764 to crack down on molasses smuggling in the American colonies and to raise revenue to pay for the colonies'...
Parliament Park, Nassau, Bahamas
Image by Ivan Curra

Parliament Park, Nassau, Bahamas

Parliament Park, Nassau, Bahamas. In November 1841, the slave ship Creole sailed into port at Nassau following the Creole Mutiny, the most successful slave revolt in US history. Photograph by Ivan Curra, 2014.
Parliament Square, Trinity College Dublin
Image by Wanda Marcussen

Parliament Square, Trinity College Dublin

Trinity College is the only ancient university located in Ireland and was established in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I of England (r. 1558-1603) as the sole college of the University of Dublin. Most of the buildings date from the 18th and 19th...
Henry IV of England
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Henry IV of England

Henry IV of England ruled as king from 1399 to 1413 CE. Known as Henry Bolingbroke, Duke of Lancaster before he became king, Henry clashed with his cousin Richard II of England (r. 1377-1399 CE) and was exiled in 1397 CE. Returning to England...
Gunpowder Plot
Definition by Mark Cartwright

Gunpowder Plot - Guy Fawkes & the Plan to Blow up Parliament

The 1605 Gunpowder Plot was a failed attempt by pro-Catholic conspirators to blow up the English Parliament on 5 November and kill King James I of England (r. 1603-1625) and the entire nobility along with him. The plot was discovered when...
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