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Sign depicting Emperor Joseph II at the plow, oil on metal, circa 1780-1790. This painting commemorates Joseph II's furrowing of farmer Andreas Trnka's field in Slavikovice, Moravia, on the evening of 19 August 1769...

An allegorical illustration of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor's reforms, copperplate engraving by C. J. Mettenleitner, 1782. Vienna Museum.

Maria Theresa in mourning dress, oil on canvas by Anton von Maron, 1773. For the last 15 years of her reign, Maria Theresa of Austria dressed only in mourning attire to grieve the death of her husband Francis I...

Illustration depicting negotiations between Emperor Joseph II and Sultan Achmet IV, copperplate engraving, 1788. Although the engraving portrays the Ottoman figure as a "Sultan Achmet IV", the Austro-Turkish...

An allegorical illustration of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor's arrival in Elysium, the afterlife, copperplate engraving by Johann Hieronymus Löschenkohl, 1790. Vienna Museum.

Miniature portrait of Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (1741-1790), enamel painting by Adam Ludwig d'Argent, c. 1780. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating in European history resulting in a death toll of approximately 8 million. Beginning as a local...

The Eighty Years' War (1568-1648, also known as The Dutch Revolt and Dutch War of Independence) was a military conflict between the seventeen provinces of the Netherlands and Spain, which then governed them, beginning in the...

Frederick II of Prussia (1712-1786), better known as Frederick the Great, was one of the most consequential rulers of 18th-century Europe. A scion of the House of Hohenzollern, he came to power in 1740...

Queen Anne’s War (1702-1713) was the second major colonial conflict in North America, fought between the colonies of England – Great Britain after 1707 – and those of France and...