Frederick I: Did you mean...?

The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. It was one of Europe’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation...

The Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648) was the last major European conflict informed by religious divisions and one of the most devastating in European history resulting in a death toll of approximately 8 million. Beginning as a local conflict...

Frederick Douglass, photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1876. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important 19th-century African-American leaders who escaped slavery to become a prominent abolitionist, orator, writer, and social reformer...

Gravestone of Frederick Douglass, photograph by Daniel Penfield, Rochester, New York, 2018. Frederick Douglass died on 20 February 1895 from a heart attack at age 76 or 77 (his exact date of birth in February 1818 is contested). After a...

Frederick Douglass (l. c. 1818-1895), abolitionist and author. Photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1879. National Archives and Records Administration, Washington, D.C.

A 14th century CE manuscript illustration depicting Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1220-1250 CE), and the Sultan of Egypt and Syria al-Kamil (r. 1218-1238 CE) who negotiated the handing over of Jerusalem to Christian rule during the...

Frederick Douglass in his early 30s, daguerreotype by Samuel J. Miller, circa 1847-52. Art Institute of Chicago.

A manuscript depicting Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) being excommunicated by Pope Innocent IV.

Portrait of Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) from the "Manfred manuscript" (Biblioteca Vaticana, Pal. lat 1071) of De arte venandi cum avibus, late 13th century CE.

Tomb of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II (l. 1194-1250 CE) in Palermo, Sicily.