Frederick I: Did you mean...?

Andreas Karlstadt (also given as Carlstadt, l. 1486-1541) was a reformer, theologian, and early supporter of Martin Luther (l. 1483-1546) in the movement that became known as the Protestant Reformation. Karlstadt was one of Luther's most...

The Treaties of Tilsit were two peace treaties signed in July 1807 by Emperor Napoleon I of France (r. 1804-1814; 1815) and the monarchs of Russia and Prussia in the aftermath of the Battle of Friedland. The treaties ended the War of the...

Idealized depiction of Frederick the Great of Prussia, painting by Wilhelm Camphausen, Germany, 1870. This painting is a dramatized version of Frederick the Great painted almost a century after his death. The idealized form of the portrait...

Frederick the Great Playing the Flute at Sanssouci, painting by Adolph von Menzel, Berlin, c. 1850. Frederick the Great was known for both his martial stratagem and his patronage of the arts. An avid flute player, he would often host concerts...

Portrait of Frederick II (the Great), painting by Anton Graff, Berlin, 1781. A portrait of the King of Prussia, Frederick II (the Great), later in life at the age of 68. His military accomplishments during the Seven Year's War made him a...

Portrait of Frederick II of Prussia, the future Frederick the Great, shortly after ascending to the throne, oil on canvas by Antoine Pesne, c. 1740s. Nationalmuseum, Stockholm.

The Holy Roman Empire officially lasted from 962 to 1806. It was one of Europe’s largest medieval and early modern states, but its power base was unstable and continually shifting. The Holy Roman Empire was not a unitary state, but a confederation...

Frederick Douglass, photograph by George Kendall Warren, 1876. Frederick Douglass was one of the most important 19th-century African-American leaders who escaped slavery to become a prominent abolitionist, orator, writer, and social reformer...

Gravestone of Frederick Douglass, photograph by Daniel Penfield, Rochester, New York, 2018. Frederick Douglass died on 20 February 1895 from a heart attack at age 76 or 77 (his exact date of birth in February 1818 is contested). After a...

Maria Theresa (1717-1780) was the ruler of the Habsburg Monarchy, a sprawling empire that included Austria, Hungary, Bohemia, and other territories spread out across Italy, the Netherlands, and Central Europe. Though her ascension to the...