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Mystras
The city of Mystras (or Mistras) in southern Greece was the provincial capital of the Byzantine Despotate of the Morea from the 13th through the 15th centuries CE. It was founded in 1249 CE by William II of Villehardouin, and it served...
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Map of the Middle Kingdom Egypt (c. 2050–1800 BCE) - Reunification, Nubian Frontiers & Trade Networks
The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (c. 2050–1650 BCE) was a period of political reunification, renewed royal authority, and cultural achievement following the fragmentation...
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Weapons in Ancient Egypt
The ancient Egyptian military is often imagined in modern films and other media as a heavily armed and disciplined fighting force equipped with powerful weapons. This depiction, however, is only true of the Egyptian army...
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Map of the Holy Roman Empire under Otto the Great c. 972 - The Formation of Imperial Rule in Medieval Europe
The Holy Roman Empire emerged from the fragmentation of the Carolingian world during the 9th and 10th centuries, as the eastern Frankish kingdom developed...
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Map of the Bosporan Kingdom, c.100 CE - Gateway Between Steppe, Caucasus, and Rome
The Bosporan Kingdom (c. 480 BCE–341 CE) emerged around the Cimmerian Bosporus (modern Kerch Strait) as a hybrid Greco-local state founded by Greek colonists from cities such...
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Interrelations of Kerma and Pharaonic Egypt
The vacillating nature of Ancient Egypt's associations with the Kingdom of Kerma may be described as one of expansion and contraction; a virtual tug-of-war between rival cultures. Structural changes in Egypt's...
Definition
The Hittites
The Hittites occupied the ancient region of Anatolia (also known as Asia Minor, modern-day Turkey) prior to 1700 BCE, developed a culture apparently from the indigenous Hatti (and possibly the Hurrian) people, and expanded their...
Definition
Bjorn Ironside
Bjorn Ironside (also spelt Björn Ironside; Old Norse Bjǫrn Járnsíða) is a legendary Viking who in the stories surrounding him raids alongside his brothers and his father, the Viking chieftain Ragnar Lothbrok. While the legends...
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Map of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt c. 240 BCE - Power, Wealth, and Rivalry in the Hellenistic World
By c. 240 BCE, Ptolemaic Egypt stood as one of the most powerful and stable successor states of Alexander’s empire, reaching a high point under Ptolemy III Euergetes...
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The Sovereign Rulers of the Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1228) - Dynasty, Crusade, and Kingship in the Latin East
The Kingdom of Jerusalem (1099–1291) emerged in the aftermath of the First Crusade (1096–1099) and became the most prestigious of the Crusader states...